Cellular Composites

Lightweight cellular composites, composed of an interconnected network of solid struts that form the edges or faces of cells, are an emerging class of high-performance structural materials. These devices may find potential application in (31)  

An epoxy-based ink that enables 3D printing of cellular composites has been reported (31). 

This ink allows the controlled alignment of multiscale, high aspect ratio fiber reinforcement to create hierarchical structures similar to balsa wood. The 3D printing technology offers a flexibility in achieving controlled composition, geometric shape, function, and complexity. 

The inks are prepared by mixing an epoxy resin (Epon 826 epoxy resin) with dimethyl methyl phosphonate, nanoclay platelets (Cloisite 30b), silicon carbide whiskers (SI-TUFF SC-050), and milled carbon fibers (Dialead K223HM). Further, an imidazole-based ionic liquid is employed as a latent curing agent (Basionics VS03) (31). 

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Table 14.3. Cellular composition of SCP from various microorganisms (dry weight per cent)13...

The cellular composition of the pancreas has been described in great detail.10,28,35 The bulk of the gland consists of acinar cells that synthesize and release pancreatic digestive enzymes (thereby providing the exocrine function). Interspersed within the acinar tissues are smaller clumps of tissue known as the islets of... 

Jeziorska M, Woolley DE. Local neovascularization and cellular composition within vulnerable regions of atherosclerotic plaques of human carotid arteries. J Rathol 1999 188 189-196. 

Karu T, Andreichuk T, Ryabykh T. Changes in oxidative metabolism of murine spleen following diode laser (660-950 nm) irradiation effect of cellular composition and radiation parameters. Lasers Surg Med 1993 13 453. 

TEER, normalized to surface, was 188-221 Ohm/cm2 in CACO-2 cells and 78-125 Ohm/cm2 in colon (Rubas et al. 1996). The presence of villi and crypts in vivo with a higher surface and a different cellular composition (goblet cells, M cells, higher permeability in crypts) compared to a cell mono-layer might lead to higher permeability. Tanaka et al. (1995) compared permeability of FITC-Dextran (MW 4000) in CACO-2 cells and rat jejunum and colon the permeability was 10 fold decreased in CACO-2 compared to jejunum and 5 fold lower than in colon. TEER in CACO-2 was 470 Ohm x cm2 in this study, 40 Ohm x cm2 in rat jejunum and 80 Ohm x cm2 in rat colon. Permeability of standard markers like PEG was compared between CACO-2 cells and colon (Artursson et al. 1993). The conclusion for cellular studies is to select cells with acceptable TEER and permeability values and to perform quality assurance tests on a regular basis. 

Doetsch R, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarex-Buylla A (1997) Cellular composition arrd three-dimerrsiorral orgamzatiorr of the subverr-tricular germinal zone irr the adult mammaliarr brairr. J Neurosci 17 5046-5061. 

Quinones-Hinojosa A, Sanai N, Soriano-Navarro M, Gonzalez-Perex O, Mirzadeh Z, Gil-Perotin S, Romero-Rodriquez R, Berger MS, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A (2006) Cellular composition and cy to architecture of the adult human subventricular zone A niche of neural stem cells. J Comp Neurol 494 415 34. 

Fig. 1 Organization and cellular composition of the liver (from Godoy et al. [3]). (a) Overview over a liver lobule, the smallest functional unit to the liver. Only the sinusoidal but not the bile canalicular network is shown, (b) Non-parenchymal cell types and their position in the lobule, (c) Sinusoidal (red) and bile canalicular (green) vessel networks of the liver. The structures have been reconstructed from confocal laser scans of a mouse liver, Hoehme et al. [5]. (d) Zonation of liver functions along the lobule...

Inhaled air travels along the conductive airways until it reaches the very distal respiratory part formed by the respiratory airways, which are terminated by the sack like compartments of the alveoli. The surface of these air-filled compartments is formed by epithelial cell layers, the alveoli by the alveolar epithelium, respiratory airways by the respiratory epithelium, and conducting airways by the bronchial epithelium (Fig. 1). According to its localization along the airways the epithelial cell layers differs with regard to its cellular composition, epithelial barrier, and transport function. 

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