Invasion mechanisms into cells

With one exception (Smith et al, 1996), all the studies of complexes of viruses with other proteins are hybrids of cryo-EM for the complex and crystallography for its components. The fitting of atomic models within cryo-EM density maps has revealed the relative positioning of structural components of viruses, and their receptors or antibodies, and has afforded insights into the mechanisms of cell invasion, viral uncoating, and immune recognition. 

Immune cell trafficking into the CNS is important in mediating neuroimmune diseases. Immune cell invasion is an early event in multiple sclerosis and EAE (Wolburg et al., 2005). Infected immune cells are a mechanism by which HTV-l (Koyanagi et al., 1997 Nottet et al., 1996) and perhaps prions (Klein et al., 1997) invade the CNS. 

Commensal or environmental fungi that are typically harmless can become invasive mycoses when the host immune defenses are impaired. Host immune suppression and risk for opportunistic mycoses can be broadly classified into three categories (1) quantitative or qualitative deficits in neutrophil function, (2) deficits in cell-mediated immunity, and (3) disruption of mechanical/and or microbiologic barriers. 

Sprang, S.R. Esch, C.D. Invasion of the nucleotide snatchers structural insights into the mechanism of G protein GEEs. Cell 1998, 95, 155-158. 

Hypophysectomy leads to an 80% decrease in interstitial fluid volume which is returned to normal by injection of hCG. The mediator of this effect is either produced directly by the Leydig cells in response to LH or originates in other cell types, e.g., macrophages or Sertoli cells in response to Leydig cell factors. The increases in interstitial fluid volume may be caused by mechanisms similar to those inducing oedema in acute inflammation. After hCG treatment, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) accumulate in testicular blood vessels prior to the increases in the interstitial fluid volume and then migrate into the interstitial spaces 4 and 8 h after injection this invasion by PMNs may be caused by the release of a chemotactic agent [97]. 

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