Cell Variation

In a mercury cell, adjustments to the brine and caustic loops are independent but subject to the same sorts of fluctuation. Anode adjustment and the occasional stoppage to remove mercury butter can offset changes in mercury cell performance. 

Bommaraju, B. LUke, G. Dammann, T.F. O Brien, and M.C. Blackburn, CMorine. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, on-line edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (2002). 

Schmittinger, Chlorine—Principles and Industrial Practice, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2(X)0), pp. 20-22. 

Cowell, A.D. Martin, and B.K. Revill, A New Improved Method for the Determination of Sodium Hydroxide Current Efficiency in Membrane Cells. In T.C. Wellington (ed.). Modem Chlor-Alkali Technology, vol. 5, Elsevier Applied Science, London (1992), p. 143. 

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Table 7. Cell variation with template for GaP04-C3...

Swann, P. R. Polyethylene unit cell variations with branching. J. Polymer Sci., 56, 409 (1962). 

Tensile tests involve either stretching a sample and monitoring the load or loading it while monitoring the extension. The simplest test uses a tensile testing machine (e.g. an Instron) where the sample is stretched at a constant rate while the load is measured using a (usually hard) load cell. Variations on this test allow the specimen to be extended at a constant strain rate or to be loaded at a constant load, or stress rate. These latter tests are usually carried out on servo hydraulic machines. 

Accurate quantitation of antigens using immunohistochemistry depends upon a linear relationship between the amount of antigen and the intensity of immunoperoxidase-DAB reaction product as well as the percentage of stained cells. Variations in staining intensity will reflect the amount of antigen only if optimal preparatory procedures are used for example, oversaturation of the chromogen reaction may result in invalid quantitation. Therefore, optimal concentration of DAB should be determined by trials with DAB... 

The activity in GM 2000 was 17 fold lower than that in the FH homozygous line, T.B. (Table X). There is therefore a clear difference in the capacity to synthesize a major fibroblast surface GSL, i.e., GbOse-jCer, in the two homozygote lines. These differences do not appear to be due to normal cell variation. 

Simulations were performed for stacks with a various number of cells in order to study the effect of the stack size on cell to cell variations. The details of geometry, properties and operating conditions of the single cell under consideration are given in Tables 5.1 and 5.2. Figure 5.8 depicts temperature profiles in the vertical direction... 

Figures 5.22 and 5.23 show the y-currcnt density and temperature distribution respectively in the central x -section and various z-sections of the co-flow stack. The air and fuel in this case are both entering from left (z = 0 m). It can be seen from Figure 5.22 that the current densities are the highest in the z-planes near the gas inlets and they gradually decrease in the subsequent planes. The cell to cell variations in current density distribution are not obvious in Figure 5.22 but the profiles of y-current density along the z-direction taken at the center of each cell, plotted in Figure 5.24a show that there is maximum variation between the first two cells with the rest more or less being the same. It is not clear why such a large difference is observed between the first two cells. Perhaps this might be an artifact of the type of boundary conditions imposed at the bottom and the top surfaces.

Burt, A., Celik, I., Gemmen, R. and Smirnov, A. (2004a) A numerical study of cell-to-cell variations in a SOFC stack, Journal of Power Sources 126, 76-87. 

Burt, A.C., Celik, I.B., Gemmen, R.S., Smirnov, A.V. and Rogers, W.A. (2004b) Cell-to-cell variations with increasing SOFC stack size, in Proceedings of Second International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, Rochester, NY, June 14-16, 2004, pp. 31-38. 

In a space-filling cellular model, the SM variational functional can be expanded in a local basis in each atomic cell. Variation of the expansion coefficients of the trial orbital function ifr = J2l lYl in ceH T/x induces the variation... 

Over 25 million compounds are known, but only about one percent of them have their crystal structures elucidated by X-ray and neutron diffraction methods. Many inorganic structures are closely related to each other. Sometimes one basic structural type can incorporate several hundred compounds, and new crystalline compounds may arise from the replacement of atoms, deformation of the unit cell, variation of the stacking order, and the presence of additional atoms in interstitial sites. 

Another interesting cell variation devised by Gerritsen and Ruppel (1984) took advantage of photocorrosion to drive a storage cell. Under illumination, n-CdSe is decomposed and p-CdTe is electroplated the reverse occnrs during cell discharge. 

The general form of the unit cell variation with x is similar to that seen in the high-temperature X-ray (18.19) and neutron (21) diffraction experiments, where compositional change is driven by changing temperature of course, the observed lattice constants in such experiments intrinsically also reflect thermal expansion effects. 

These data show remarkable cell-to-cell variations in metabolism. The substrate, Gmi, is present in all cells, and all cells show a modest amount of Gai, which requires complex transformation of the substrate. Some cells show very active biodegradation, completely removing the carbohydrates and leaving only the labeled ceramide. Other cells show much less biodegradation and no detectable... 

POLYETHYLENE UNIT CELL VARIATIONS WITH TEMPERATURE. 

The cells do not all have the same characteristics and therefore do not all operate at the same temperatures. Below, Section 6.6.3 discusses this aspect of cell-to-cell variation, along with the advantages of having some individual cell control. 

The optically transparent electrode (OTE) is used as a single WE or a stack of WEs and is combined with a reference electrode and a CE (also called an anxUiary electrode) in a spectrochemical cell. Variations of the OTE inclnde thin-layer cells and long optical path length thin-layer cells. Perforated and reflective electrodes are also used as WEs. 

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