Cdc2 protein

Figure 2. Regulators of the Cdc2 protein kinase. Schematic illustration of the regulators of Cdc2 kinase activity. Proteins that are circled indicate proteins that have been identified in higher eukaryotes only the squared proteins have been identified exclusively in the yeast systems. The remaining proteins have been identified in both higher and lower eukaryotes. Protein phosphatases are indicated by p tase.

Draetta, G., and Beach, D. (1988). Activation of cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis in human cells cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and subunit rearrangement. Cell 54 17-24. 

Fang, F., and Newport, J. W. (1991). Evidence that the Gl-S and G2-M transitions are controlled by different cdc2 proteins in higher eukaryotes. Cell 66 731-742. 

Gould, K. L., and Nurse, P. (1989). Tyrosine phosphorylation of the fission yeast cdc2+ protein kinase regulates entry into mitosis. Nature 342 39-45. 

Kumagai, A., and Dunphy, W. G. (1991). The cdc25 protein controls tyrosine dephosphorylation of the cdc2 protein in a cell-free system. Cell 64 903-914. 

Hendrickson M, Madine M, Dalton S, Gautier J. Phosphorylation of MCM4 by cdc2 protein kinase inhibits the activity of the minichromosome maintenance complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996 93 12223-12228. 

Brizuela, L., G. Draetta D. Beach. 1989. Activation of human CDC2 protein as a histone HI kinase is associated with complex formation with the p62 subunit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 4362-6. 

Draetta, G. D. Beach. 1989. The mammalian cdc2 protein kinase ... 

B. Regulators of Cdc2/Cdk2 Protein Kinase Activity Cyclins... 

Other phosphatases have also been identified and may be implicated in mitotic and meiotic germ cell functions. For example, INH was originally isolated from a Xenopus oocyte cell free system as an inhibitor of pre-MPF activity (Cyert and Kirschner, 1988). INH encodes a protein phosphatase 2Athat negatively regulates MPF activity by dephosphory-lating Cdc2 on thr-161 (Lee et al., 1991 Solomon et al., 1990). 

Booher, R., and Beach, D. (1986). Site-specific mutagenesis of cdc2+, a cell cycle control gene of the fission yeast Schizosaccaromyces pombe. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6 3523-3530. Booher, R. N., Alfa, C. E., Hyams, J. S., and Beach, D. H. (1989). The fission yeast cdc2/cdcl3/sucl protein kinase regulation of catalytic activity and nuclear localization. CeU 58 485-497. 

Elledge, S. J., Richman, R., Hall, F. L., Williams, R. T Lodgson, N., and Harper, J. W. (1992). CDK2 encodes a 33-kDa cyclin A-associated protein kinase and is expressed before CDC2 in the cell cycle. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 89 2907-2911. 

McConnell, J., and Lee, M. (1989). Presence of cdc2+-like proteins in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Development 107 481-487. 

Pickham, K. M., Meyer, A. N., Li, J and Donoghue, D. J. (1992). Requirement of mosx protein kinase for meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes induced by a cdc2 mutant lacking regulatory phosphorylation sites. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12 3192-3203. 

Shuttleworth, J., Godfrey, R., and Colman, A. (1990). p40wo,J, a cdc2-related protein kinase involved in negative regulation of meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes. EMBOJ. 9 3233-3240. 

Simanis, V., and Nurse, R (1986). The cell cycle control gene cdc2+ of fission yeast encodes a protein kinase potentially regulated by phosphorylation. Cell 45 261-268. 

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