Cave fragments

From 1947 to 1956, thousands of scrolls and fragments of ancient manuscripts has been found in caves... 

Noteworthy in this faunal assemblage is a tibia fragment of a markedly small animal ( Canis sp. ) beside the usual-sized cave wolf, which falls into the range of variation of Canis mosbachensis (ca. 37 mm proximal width). The overall composition of the fauna justifies allocation to the Subalyukian substage (and perhaps to the Varboian), but in the absence of suitable microfauna, this statement cannot be considered as definitive. The fauna is presented only for the sake of documentation. 

The significance of the faunal assemblage of this series of strata is enhanced by a few chipped flint implement fragments [which, according to Vertes (1965), are very probably cave Gravettian or mesolith], and a rich charcoal material. 

Plate II. Characteristic large mammals of the Middle Pleistocene. (1) Ursus deningeri Reichenau, left mandible, rock-shelter of Tarko (2-3) mandible fragments of Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis Jaeger, Ordbglyuk cave of Solymar. 

Calcite-cemented fill (Fb) calcite-cemented breakdown or calcite-coated floor angular to subangular fragments of limestone and chert up to cobblesized calcite-coated bedrock or other cave fill. 

D Most of the cave walls have been removed, together with most of the former infill. Fragments of decayed fiowstone and insoluble pebbles are preserved along the line of the former cave floor. 

The sediments in Cueva El Mora are as much as 3 m above the modern floor, and consist of clay with clasts and fossils but again with no indication of stratification. The clasts, of the order of 1-2 cm in diameter, are rounded to sub-rounded cobbles. The clay is also is full of holes, and contains turtle plastron fragments. The sediment beside the wall is somewhat indurated and has remained in place while the rest of the floor has since been removed. Stream flow is presumed to occur during extreme events such as hurricanes but no flow is observed in the cave today and no stream deposits have been emplaced since this Last Interglacial remnant. 

If there is a significant risk of fragmentation, OB operations are conducted in open pits, which must be at least 4 ft deep and have sloped sides to prevent cave in. The length and width of the pit is determined by the quantity of waste being burned. If necessary, nonexplosive combustible materials and fuel may be added to ensure complete combustion of explosive materials. As with burning trays, OB pits may not be inspected until 12 hours after the conclusion of the bum. 

The earliest archeological evidence of pottery production dates back to about 10,000 bce and the discovery of fragments from a cave dwelling near Nagasaki, Japan. This type of pottery is called Jomon pottery because of the characteristic surface patterns, which were made with a twisted cord. Jomon means cord pattern. The pottery also featured patterns made with sticks, bones, or fingernails. These vessels, like those produced in the Near East about 10,000 years ago, were fired at a low temperature compared to modern day pottery production. 

The oldest textiles made from cotton originated around 5800 BC. Remains of cotton capsules and textiles were found in a cave near Tehuacan in Mexico. From excavation sites at the lower part of the Indus River in Pakistan, fragments of fabrics and laces were discovered, dated at 3000 BC (Koch, 1964). Recent excavations revealed cotton seeds more than 9000 years old. In Europe, cotton was not known until the Middle Ages. Around AD 1000, it was imported by Arabs via North Africa to Sicily and Spain and was cultivated there also. 

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