Inner caustic

Design a double-pipe exchanger for this duty, using standard carbon steel pipe and fittings. Use pipe of 50 mm inside diameter, 55 mm outside diameter for the inner pipe, and 75 mm inside diameter pipe for the outer. Make each section 5 m long. The physical properties of the caustic solution are ... 

A. Spl., (1861), 1, 221 J., 13, 456.)—When the chlorohydrins which contain chlorine and hydroxyl attached to adjacent carbons are heated with caustic alkali, elimination of hydrochloric acid occurs and an inner ether or oxide is obtained. 

The unit consisted of a tank into which an inverted non-conducting bell-jar dipped which was closed at the top and fitted with an inner graphite anode. The outer side of the bell was surrounded with an iron ring acting as the cathode. The brine was continually fed into the bell, became enriched by caustic and due to its increasing specific gravity it dropped to the bottom of the tank from where it was drawn off. 

The denuder is either rectangular in shape and made of welded iron plates or it is made of an iron pipe, 200 mm in diameter which is blinded at the ends. The inner walls may be rubber-lined. Rubber-lined denuders are used wherever the caustic solution must be free of iron. The same purpose is served if the denuder is made of cast iron which must not be lined with rubber. 

Apparently an inner anhydride is formed between the carbinol hydroxyl and the sulfo group, and this causes the stability toward soda and caustic alkali. This assumption appears probable because dyes of the type below are entirely insoluble ... 

The current passes from the back of the cathode wall from one element to the back of the anode wall of the subsequent element by a series of contact strips. Voltage losses are kept low by a laser-welded, direct connection between the outer contact strips and by vertical inner current-conducting plates and the electrodes (Fig. 5.35). Both brine and caustic enter the element through flexible hoses leading to horizontal inner distribution pipes. These provide uniform feed concentration profiles inside the compartments. Internal circulation is enhanced by two baffle plates located in the anode compartment The upper, inclined baffle plate provides a constant exposure of brine to the membrane, thereby avoiding gas-phase blistering of the membrane. In addition, the vertical... 

Description Trowel product on, leave for 2 to 5 hours, and remove with all layers of paint. Home-owner version of product is intended for small areas like windowpanes and trim. Safety/precautions Caustic stripper, could cause corrosive fumes. Wearing gloves and protective clothing and face shield recommended, but respirator not required. Inner membrane of the rubbery exterior never dries, so no lead dust generated. 

It is convenient to distinguish between rays which cross the fiber axis between reflections known as meridional rays-and rays which never cross the fiber axis-known as skew rays. We see from Fig. 2-2(a) that meridional rays lie in a plane of width 2p through the axis. Consequently, they have properties identical with rays of the corresponding planar waveguide, and Table 1-1, page 19, applies to meridional rays of fibers, if the cartesian coordinate x is replaced by the cylindrical polar coordinate r of Fig. 2-1. Skew rays, on the other hand, follow a helical path, whose projection onto the cross-section is a regular polygon-not necessarily closed-as shown in Fig. 2-2(b). The midpoints between successive reflections all touch a cylindrical surface of radius rj, known as the inner caustic. 

To determine the transmission coefficient of Eq. (6-22) for the clad parabolic profile of Table 2-1, page 40, we recall from Eq. (2-19) that the radii of the inner and turning-point caustics are roots of the integrand. Hence the integrand is expressible as... 

We assume that all power is lost from a refracting ray when it reaches the interface, i.e. T = 1. Tunneling rays lose power only at the turning-point caustic because the inner caustic is convex to the ray path. It is sufficiently accurate to use the linear approximation to the transmission coefficient given by Eq. (7-17), provided we set P = 0,1 = lb and replace p by / + p. On substituting for the profile from Eq. (9-14), we obtain... 

When a(r) = njl, it follows from Eq. (36-5) that all rays touch the cylindrical surface of radius r- = pv/U in Fig. 36-1 (b). This is the inner caustic, introduced in Section 2-2. We deduce that only the TEo and TMo modes (v = 0) are composed of meridional rays, since = 0, and all HEv and EHv modes are composed of skew rays. We are reminded that all modes are composed of paraxial rays in the weak-guidance approximation. 

Here we parallel the two derivations of the eigenvalue equation, given in the previous section, for a fiber with the infinite parabolic profile of Eq. (14-5). We recall from Chapter 2 that the ray, or local plane-wave, trajectory lies between the inner and turning-point caustics of radii and r,p, respectively. Accordingly, the modal fields are... 

The path of a ray within the parabolic-profile fiber was discussed in Section 2-10. Over a distance along the fiber equal to the half-period, Zp, the path, shown in Fig. 36-2(a), starts at P on the turning-point caustic, touches the inner caustic at T and meets the turning-point caustic again at Q. Relative to the fiber axis, the path between P and Q rotates through n radians in the fiber cross-section, as shown in Fig. 36-2(b). 

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