Caustic treatment demineralization

For the short-mix process, the oil temperature is raised to 80—90°C (175—195°F) before the addition of the caustic soda. A break between the neutral oil and soapstock takes place immediately, reducing the losses due to emulsification. The contact time between the caustic and oil is reduced to a 30-sec maximum, which helps to reduce the saponification losses. Because it is standard in Europe to degum solvent-extracted oils and to condition the oils with phosphoric acid before refining, the excess caustic treatment can be eliminated or reduced substantially. The oil is finally washed with demineralized water to help remove the traces of soap remaining in the oil and dried with processes similar to the systems used for the long-mix caustic refining process. 

High Pressure Boiler Water Treatment. High pressure boilers usually have feed water composed of demineralized makeup water and a high percentage of condensate returns. Because of these conditions, high pressure boilers are prone to caustic and acid attack. Low pressure boilers that use dernineralized water and condensate as feed water are also susceptible to caustic and acid attack. 

In the acid process, the bones and skins are treated in a vessel containing a dilute solution of acid for a predetermined period of time. Then, the acid is washed out with cold water. In the alkali process, the demineralized bones (demineralization is mostly done with acid solutions to remove calcium and other salts from the bone to prepare the collagen-rich bone material known as ossein) are placed in liming pits and soaked in a lime suspension for longer than 60 days. For the hides or skins, a caustic soda solution is used for a shorter period of time. After this treatment, the raw material is washed thoroughly to remove any residual lime. The acid pretreatment is mostly used for skin, while the alkali pretreatment is mostly used for bones (Petersen and Yates, 1977). 

Limitation on caustic addition brine acidification maintenance of high cathode CE cell renewal Selection of salt better potash refining use of demineralized water in decomposers and ion-exchange regeneration Selection of salt chemical treatment ion exchange... 

Chitin and chitosan rarely occur in a pure, easily isolated form. A substantial effort has been made to develop chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic methods to obtain purified materials (25). The usual method of obtaining chitin involves the chemical treatment of shell fish wastes from the crab and shrimp industries. The first step is to demineralize the shell with dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature. This is followed with a deproteinization step with warm dilute caustic. This yields a partially deacetylated chitin, which may then be further deacetylated to chitosan. Figure 3 shows the underlying chitin matrix in the crab shell and its microfibrillar... 

The 163-N facility contains demineralization equipment, including ion exchange units, regeneration tanks, treatment tanks (for pH adjustment) that are part of the elementary neutralization unit (ENU), acid and caustic-materials storage tanks, a heater, and a degasifier (DOE-RL 1990). 

CO2 is not removed by water treatment. Scales and deposits may also be formed by dissolved and suspended solids. Excessive alkalinity in boilers can lead to caustic cracking. High alkalinity is caused by high TDS (total dissolved solids) and alkaUnity. External treatment includes demineralization and reduction of alkalinity, corrosion inhibition and biological control. Morpholine inhibitor is added as inhibitor for treatment of condensate corrosion. 

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