Electrolytic conversion, catalytic

One can extend this cycle chemistry by putting electricity to use. In short, it is possible to accomplish electrolytic reduction of nitrogen and to develop the phenomenon into a cycle (Figure 3). Thus, we have achieved true catalytic electrolytic conversion of nitrogen to ammonia, by means of a process based on the behavior of titanium. This system was initiated at Stanford by Akermark (14) and developed by Seeley (J5). 

Reductive Dehalogenations Microemulsions are usually more useful than micelles for electrochemical synthetic applications because larger amounts of polar and nonpolar reactants can be solubilized. Electrochemical catalysis has been used in microemulsions for the electrolytic conversion of organohalide pollutants to hydrocarbons [53] using mediators such as metal phthalocyanines and cobalt complexes. Microemulsions were used for the complete electrochemical catalytic... 

For industrial applications of ceric oxidation a regeneration of the oxidant is necessary. Electrolytic conversion of Ce(III) into Ce(IV) is described in some publications or patent literature. Thus, p-xylene was converted into 4-methyl-benzaldehyde by catalytic amounts of ceric sulfate in sulfuric acid with an electrolytic regeneration of Ce(IV) (70). Benzylic oxidation appears to start by the formation of a cation radical which then gives a benzyl radical. 

Papaverine was condensed with formaldehyde to methylenepapaverine (XXII), which on successive catalytic and electrolytic hydrogenation yielded two dZ-methyltetrahydropapaverines (XXIII), which on successive demethylation, condensation with formaldehyde and re-methylation yielded a mixture of bases, from which the two optically inactive corydalines (XXIV), jwesocorydaline, m.p. 163-4° (nac.), and dZ-corydaline, m.p. 132-3°, identical with the products obtained by the hydrogenation of dehydrocorydaline were isolated. For the conversion of corycavine to corydaline, see p. 304. 

Methanol is a convenient liquid fuel that can be either blended with petrol or burnt directly in an engine. Utilization of methanol can be envisaged for automotive transport, should a cheap, reliable, long-lived methanol-air fuel cell be developed. Two principal materials problems must be overcome before such a cell can be realized in the market place a proton electrolyte capable of cheap manufacture and stable to about 570 K and a catalytic anode for the conversion of methanol and water via the reaction... 

Despite extensive studies, the photovoltage or the solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency still remains relatively low. The main reason is that it is very difficult to meet all requirements for high efficiency. For example, high catalytic activity and sufficient passivation at the electrode surface are incompatible. It was found, however, that a semiconductor electrode modified with small metal particles can meet all the requirements and thus becomes an ideal type semiconductor electrode. Cu, Ag, and Au were chosen because they were reported to work as efficient electrocatalysts for the C02 reduction. p-Si electrodes modified with these metals in C02-staurated aqueous electrolyte under illumination produce mainly methane and ethylene.178 This is similar to the metal electrodes but the metal-particle-coated electrodes work at approximately 0.5 V more positive potentials, contrary to continuous metal-coated p-Si electrodes. 

The reduction of aldols and ketols from the aldol condensation (method 102) is often a convenient route to branched 1,3-dio/s. Catalytic hydrogenation over platinum oxide, nickel-on-kieselguhr, and copper-chromium oxide has been used. Other procedures include electrolytic reduction and reduction by aluminum amalgam. 1,3-Diols may also be prepared by catalytic reduction of 1,3-diketones. Cleavage of the carbon-to-carbon and carbon-to-oxygen bonds accompanies this conversion. The effect of structure on the course of the reaction has been studied. ... 

NO conversion of the electrolytic Cu-plated ACFs at 500X5 is shown Figure 2. NO conversions of all the specimens are outstanding to the as-received ones. In addition, it can be seen that NO conversion on the as-received is sharply decreased within a few hours, and it reaches at about 14% after 180 min [3]. The reasons for this result are attributed to the NO-C reactions with the time on stream at 500X5. Whereas, NO conversions of Cu-2 and Cu-5 are slowly decreased within a few hours, and then, reaches at a constant conversion [18]. Also, in the case of Cu-20, NO conversion is almost constant at more than 99%, which can be attributed to the existence of optimal reduction of NO into O2 and N2 between NO-Cu and NO-C reactions. It is then considered that the metallic catalytic system of the adsorbents is very predominant in which copper metal is activated for removing NO at 500X5. 

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