Catalytic cracking chemistry

Allen, D. T., Structural models of catalytic cracking chemistry. In Kinetic and Thermodynamic Lumping of Multicomponent Mixtures (G. Astarita and R. I. Sandler, eds.). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991, p. 163. 

ABSTRACT. The present contribution reviews the state-of-the-art on various aspects of catalytic cracking chemistry, catalyst formulation, catalyst preparation and FCC reactor engineering. Special consideration is given to the matters that relates to kinetic modelling. A detailed discussion is also presented on the characteristics and performance of a novel unit named Riser Simulator of particular value for FCC catalyst testing and kinetic modelling. 

Figure 1 Density Profile along the height of a riser Reactor (Helmer et al., 1985). 1.2. CATALYTIC CRACKING CHEMISTRY...

Catalytic Cracking Catalysts, Chemistry, and Kinetics, Bohdan W. 

Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 36, No.ll, Nov.1997, p.4523-9 TRANSFORMATION OF SEVERAL PLASTIC WASTES INTO FUELS BY CATALYTIC CRACKING... 

T. H. Tsai, J. W. Lane, and C. S. Lin Temperature-Programmed Reduction for Solid Materials Characterization, Alan Jones and Brian McNichol Catalytic Cracking Catalysts, Chemistry, and Kinetics,... 

Wojciechowski, B.W., and Corma, A., Catalytic Cracking—Catalysts, Chemistry, and Kinetics. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986, p. 5. 

Chemical concepts of catalytic cracking, 4 1 Chemical feedstock, history, 30 161-162 Chemical shift, 42 120-122 anisotropy, 33 204-205, 42 123-124 computational chemistry, 42 129-137 molecular structure and, 42 129-133 tensor, 42 124-125, 133-135 theoretical calculations, 42 133-137 theory, 42 122-129 in XAS, 34 228, 231-232 to describe change in Fermi energy of metal, 34 232... 

In 1962 Mobil Oil introduced the use of synthetic zeolite X as a hydrocarbon cracking catalyst In 1969 Grace described the first modification chemistry based on steaming zeolite Y to form an ultrastable Y. In 1967-1969 Mobil Oil reported the synthesis of the high silica zeolites beta and ZSM-5. In 1974 Henkel introduced zeolite A in detergents as a replacement for the environmentally suspect phosphates. By 2008 industry-wide approximately 367 0001 of zeolite Y were in use in catalytic cracking [22]. In 1977 Union Carbide introduced zeolites for ion-exchange separations. 

Harding, R. H., Zhao, X., Qian, K., Rajagopalan, K., and Cheng, W.-C. Fluid Catalytic Cracking Selectivities of Gas Oil Boiling Point and Hydrocarbon Fractions. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 35 (1996) 2561-69. 

The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a very dynamic nnit that is typically the major conversion process in a refinery. Proper modeling and nnderstanding of unit capabilities represents a tremendons opportunity to improve the overall nnit operation and minimize unit emissions. The combustion chemistry in the FCC regenerator that produces environmental pollntants is extremely complex as nnmerons interactions and reactions occnr between the various chemical species. 

In little more than half of the 25 years covered by this symposium, catalytic cracking has been developed from its first acceptance to a major industrial process. It has served to increase the amount and octane rating of gasoline and the amounts of valuable C3 and C gas components obtainable from petroleum feed stocks over those from thermal cracking alone. It is therefore of interest to seek an explanation of the nature of the products obtained in catalytic cracking in terms of the hydrocarbon and catalyst chemistry which has been developed within the past 25 years. 

Fundamental studies of catalytic cracking have led to the conclusion that the chief characteristics of the products may be traced to the primary cracking of the hydrocarbons in the feed stock and to the secondary reactions of the olefins produced both correspond to the ionic reaction mechanisms of hydrocarbons in the presence of acidic catalysts. The chemistry of both the hydrocarbons and catalysts dealt with here has advanced rapidly in the last decade. Nevertheless, much further exploration is required with respect to the nature of the catalyst and the properties of the hydrocarbons undergoing reaction. A promising field lies ahead for future research. 

A more detailed interpretation of the chemistry of catalytic cracking was based on studies with pure hydrocarbons.121-123 A simplified summary put forward by Heinemann and coworkers123 (Fig. 2.1) shows how Cg open-chain and cyclic alkanes are transformed to benzene by the action of both the hydrogenating (metal) and acidic (halogenated alumina) functions of the catalyst. 

Y. Huang, G.V. Reklaitis, and V. Venkatasubramanian. A heuristic extended Kalman filter based estimator for fault identification in a fluid catalytic cracking unit. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research, 42 3361-3371, 2003. 

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