Catalyst Solvay

In the 1970s, Solvay iatroduced an advanced TiCl catalyst with high activity and stereoregulahty (6). When this catalyst was utilized ia Hquid monomer processes, the level of atactic polymer was sufftciendy low so that its removal from the product was not required. Catalyst residues were also reduced so that simplified systems for post-reactor treatment were acceptable. Sumitomo has developed a Hquid monomer process, used by Exxon (United States), ia which polymer slurry is washed ia a countercurrent column with fresh monomer and alcohol to provide highly purified polymer (128). 

Residual catalyst (expressed as ash content). The actual residues depend on the manufacturing process used and on the characteristics of the polymer. The so-called new generation HD-PE processes such as the Solvay process use superactive catalysts which produce polymers with a low ash content and, hence, low or negligible odor. Some narrow MWD (Molecular Weight Distribution) resins also have lower catalyst residues than their wide MWD counterparts. 

Not only kinetics but also the role of polar catalysts like water increasingly was viewed as the cause of chemical activation, as we will see later. In his paper at the 1925 Solvay conference, Job brought into strong focus the role... 

Figure 1.17 Cell voltage and power density vs current density curves for (a) 2 M methanol in 4 M NaOH solution (b) 2 M ethylene glycol in 4 M NaOH solution. Anode and cathode catalysts, laboratory-made Pt (40wt%)/C prepared via the Bdnnemann method, 2mgPtcm commercial anionic membrane, Morgane ADP from Solvay T=20°C.

Heterogeneous Catalysts. Proceedings of the First International Symposium held at the Solvay Research Centre, Brussels, October 14-17, 1975 edited by B. Delmon, P. A. Jacobs and G. Poncalet... 

Polymerization in liquid monomer was pioneered by Rexall Drug and Chemical and Phillips Petroleum (United States). Gas-phase polymerization of propylene was pioneered by BASF, who developed the Novolen process which uses stirred-bed reactors, Eastman Chemical has utilized a unique, high temperature solution process for propylene polymerization. In the 1970s, Solvay introduced an advanced TiCl3 catalyst with high activity and stereoregularity. 

The primary product in the slurry units is HDPE with MDPE as a secondary product. With single-site catalysts production of mLLDPE in slurry loop reactors is also possible. Today for example, Chevron Phillips, BP Solvay, Basell, Borealis and Sumitomo Mitsui have their own slurry process technology-... 

The Unipol process employs a fluidized bed reactor (see Section 3.1.2) for the preparation of polyethylene and polypropylene. A gas-liquid fluid solid reactor, where both liquid and gas fluidize the solids, is used for Ziegler-Natta catalyzed ethylene polymerization. Hoechst, Mitsui, Montedison, Solvay et Cie, and a number of other producers use a Ziegler-type catalyst for the manufacture of LLDPE by slurry polymerization in hexane solvent (Fig. 6.11). The system consists of a series of continuous stirred tank reactors to achieve the desired residence time. 1-Butene is used a comonomer, and hydrogen is used for controlling molecular weight. The polymer beads are separated from the liquid by centrifugation followed by steam stripping. 

Epicerol A process for making epichlorhydrin from glycerol. Treatment with hydrogen chloride and a catalyst yields mixed dichloropropanols, which are hydrolyzed by aqueous alkali to epichlorhydrin. Developed by Solvay from 2005. A commercial plant was planned to be built in Tavaux, France, for completion in 2007. 

The Solvay catalysts are activated by aluminium organometals, particularly Et2AlCl, (isoBu)3 A1 or (isoBu)2 A1H [267a]. 

Modern modifications of classical ZN systems, represented by the Solvay catalyst, are based on / -TiCl3. TiCl4 is mixed with Et2AlCl at 274 K, the reduction temperature is slowly increased up to 338 K and maintained at this value for 1 h. From the mixed TiCl3. jAlCl3 crystals, A1C13 is washed out with diisoamyl ether in this process, fi — S recrystallization takes place, and >-TiCl3... 

With Solvay-type catalysts, Et.AlCl is used as cocatalyst. 

The first industrial application of the catalyst systems described here was in the synthesis of high density polyethylene. Although it is difficult to precisely summarize the types of catalysts used, it is certain that many companies (i.e. Montedison, Hoechst, Solvay and others) 168 f 9 170) set up simplified processes for ethylene polymerization without removal of catalyst residues. 

In non-supported catalysts, most active centers (>95%) become encased within the growing polymer particle and thereby become unavailable for additional polymer formation. This results in low catalyst activity. A major improvement occurred in the early 1970s when supported Ziegler-Natta catalysts began to emerge. Leading polyethylene producers of the time (Shell, Solvay Cie, Hoechst, Mitsui and Montecatini Edison) developed many of these catalysts (8). Of course, most have morphed into present-day companies, such as LyondellBasell and INEOS. 

Bernard, A. Fiasse, P. New Solvay SB 12 TiCls polypropylene catalyst. In Catalytic Olefin Polymerization Keii, T., Soga, K., Eds. Elsevier Amsterdam, 1990 405-423. 

This review examines the work carried out either in-house or via external research contracts by Solvay Interox into the area of heterogeneously activated aqueous hydrogen peroxide chemistry. The review is focused on the preparation and use of solid catalysts in the presence of H2O2 for the manufacture of fine chemical and pharmaceutical intermediates. 

It is carried out thermally today in tubes which areermpiy Allied, BASF, BP, Goodrich, Hoechst, Huh, Knapsack, Kureha, PPG (Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company), Solvay,USSR processes, etc) or filled with catalysts (SBA Societe Beige de 1 Azote, USSR, etc) and placed in a furnace. 

The dehydrogenation is first-order in catalyst, aldose, and hydroxide. Clearly, the reaction proceeds via the aldose anion (apparent pX 13.5 under these conditions [50,51]), whereas rupture of the IC-H bond is the rate-determining step. The reaction is currently used on the industrial scale by Solvay (Germany) to prepare lactobionic acid from lactose. 

Acid-spar AI3-01166 Calcium difluoride Calcium fluoride Calcium fluoride (CaFa) EINECS 232-188-7 Fluorite Fluorspar HSDB 995 Irtran 3 Liparite Met-spar Natural fluorite. Source of fluorine, flux, ceramics, phosphors, paint pigment, catalyst in vrood preservative, spectroscopy, electronics, lasers, high-temperature dry-film lubricants. Solid mp = 1403° bp = 2500° d = 3.18 insoluble in H2O LD50 (gpg orl) > 5 g/kg. Cerac G Silicones Noah Chew. Solvay Deutschland GmbH. 

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