Macromolecular catalysis

The revolutionary discoveries by Ziegler and Natta, relating to the low pressure polymerization, respectively, of ethylene and of propylene and other a-olefins onto the previously unknown crystalline polymers, opened a new era in science and technology. Since then, remarkable progress has been made in the fields of coordination catalysis, macromolecular science and stereochemistry. With the discovery and development of the new generation catalytic systems for polyethylene in the late 1960 s, and more recently for polypropylene, enormous progress was made in terms of polymerization process as to economics and product quality Further process simplification and, above all, ever more accurate product quality control by taylor made catalytic systems is the aim of the 1980 s. 

Kaminsky, W. 1996. New polymers by metallocene catalysis. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 197 3907-3945. 

Dubois, P, Alexandre, M., and Jerome, R. 2003. Polymerization-filled composites and nanocomposites by coordination catalysis. Macromolecular Symposia 194 13-26. 

Lu, Y., Wittemami, A. and Ballaufl M. (2009b). Supramolecular structures generated by spherical polyelectrolyte brushes and their application in catalysis. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 30,806-815. 

There has been a general updating of the material in all the chapters the treatment of films at the liquid-air and liquid-solid interfaces has been expanded, particularly in the area of contemporary techniques and that of macromolecular films. The scanning microscopies (tunneling and atomic force) now contribute more prominently. The topic of heterogeneous catalysis has been expanded to include the well-studied case of oxidation of carbon monoxide on metals, and there is now more emphasis on the flexible surface, that is, the restructuring of surfaces when adsorption occurs. New calculational methods are discussed. 

Fendler, J., Fendler, E. Catalysis in micellar and macromolecular systems. New York Academic Press 1975... 

J. H. Fendler and E. J. Fendler, Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems, Academic Press, New York, 1975. 

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have drawn considerable interest in recent years due to their potential applications in medicine, nanotechnology, and catalysis (6,7). The ability to control dendrimer interior/exterior functionalities and the macromolecular architecture of PAMAM dendrimers... 

University of Liege, Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Organic Catalysis, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium... 

From the above it will be clear that the polymer chain carrying catalytic centers has to play an active role during each catalytic cycle. Therefore, we prefer to speak of macromolecular catalysis rather than of polymer catalysis, the more so, as we omitted crosslinked carriers from our studies in order to prevent that diffusion of reactants and products would become rate-determining. Consequently, the practical combination of simple separability and really macromolecular catalysis should be realized by... 

Fendler, J. H. Fendler, E. "Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems" Academic Press N.Y., 1975. 

According to the U.S. National Nanotechnology Institute, nanotechnology encompasses research and development to synthesize, control, and manipulate stmctures, devices, and systems of novel properties and functions because of their size at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels in the length scale ranging from approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. Indeed, this length scale is of particular relevance to heterogeneous catalysis, where the active sites are small crystallites or domains of the active phase. The reaction typically involves atom-molecule interactions, and the active sites are placed in or on an extended solid where the access paths to the active sites are tens to hundreds of nanometers. The issue of access path is a familiar territory in... 

Femec, D. A. and McAffrey, R. R. (1994) Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 52, 501-505. Fendler, J. H. and Fendler, E. J. (1975) Catalysis in Micellar and Macromolecular Systems, Academic Press, New York. 

We think that the reported studies, in spite of their preliminary character, can contribute not only to open new fields of investigation in the branch of macromolecular researches and to know the nature of a particular kind of catalytic complexes, but also to deepen the knowledges in the field of the heterogeneous catalysis. 

Having invested the polymers with binding abilities, and having demonstrated their capacity to accelerate rates, we can proceed to graft on to the macromolecular matrix truly catalytic functional groups. We have concentrated largely on the imidazole moiety since it is a well-recognized nucleophile, particularly effective in model systems in the catalysis of hydrolytic reactions. 

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