Case study benchmark doses

CHARACTERIZING DOSE AND RISK IN A CUMULATIVE ASSESSMENT 277 CASE STUDY 280 Case Study Defining Risk 280 Case Study The Dose-Response Relationship 280 Case Study Using the Margin of Exposure to Characterize the Risk 281 Case Study Benchmark Doses 282 Case Study Margins of Exposure 284... 

The term "audit is associated with a particular connotation in healthcare, namely clinical audit and refers to the review of case histories of patients against the benchmark of current best practice. The clinical audit was proposed as a tool to improve clinical practice and a recent study indicates that it can do so, though the effects are modest. A more general role for audit, however, is that it can be used as part of the wider management exercise of benchmarking of performance with the use of relevant performance indicators against the performance of peers. 

A range of studies have now appeared modeling complete catalytic cycles based on an initial C-H bond activation and the subsequent functionalization steps. The functionalization processes involve reactions with an insertion partner (an alkyne, an alkene, or a carbene/nitrene source) and lead to the formation of new heterocychc rings or direct replacement of the C—H bond with a new C-R group. In many cases, the focus of the computational studies is on these functionalization processes as well as the reoxidation steps (particularly with internal oxidants). The C-H activation in these catalytic processes is typically of the intramolecular AML A-6 type, although exceptions do exist, as will be detailed later. Input from parallel experimental studies, including the determination of kfj/ko KIEs, the observation of H/D exchange, competition experiments, and the isolation of key intermediates both complement and provide benchmark data... 

---