Caryophyllene pepper

Piper nigrum L. Hu Jiao (Black pepper) (fruit) Piperine, chavicine, piperamine, piperonal, dihydrocarveol, cryptone, caryophyllene. This herb may cause irritation to the system.33-45 Anticonvulsive, sedative. 

In black pepper, caryophyllene-rich oils possess sweet floral odours, whereas oils... 

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Piperine, /3-caryophyllene, chavicine ... 

Earlier workers established the presence of a-pinene, (3-pinene, 1-a-phellandrene, dl-limonene, piperonal, dihydrocarveol, a compound melting at 161°C, P-caryophyllene and a piperidine complex from the essential oil obtained by steam distillation of ground Malabar pepper. The above compounds were identified by the classical methods of derivatization and degradation. They also reported the presence of epoxy dihydrocary-... 

About 20 oxygenated sesquiterpenes have been identified from pepper oil. They are 5,10(15)-cadinen-4-ol,caryophylla-3(12), 7(15)-dien-4-P-ol, caryophylla-2,7(15)-dien-4- 3-ol, caryophylla-2,7(15)-dien-4-ol, P-caryophellene alcohol, caryophyllene ketone, caryophellene oxide, epoxy-dihydrocaryophellene, cis-nero-lidol, 4,10,10-trimethyl-7-methylene bicycle-(6.2.0) decane-4-carboxaldehyde, cubenol, epi-cubenol, viridiflorol, a- and P-bisabolols, cubebol, elemol and y-eudesmol. 

Thevanmundi, Poonjaranmunda, Valiakaniak-kadan and Subhakara. Some of the newly developed cultivars are Panniyur-1, Panniyur-2, Panniyur-3 and Panniyur-4. By adopting GC and GC-MS techniques, researchers have identified over 55 compounds from the volatile oil of these pepper cultivars. The major compounds identified were a- and (3-pinene, sabinene, limonene, P-caryophyllene, myrcene, p-cymene and caryophellene oxide (Gopalakrishnan et al., 1993 Menon et al., 2000, 2002, 2003 Menon and Padmakumari, 2005). Table 2.7 illustrates this variability among different popular cultivars. 

PROP From steam distillation of dried fruit of PipernigmmL. (Fam. Piperaceae). Main constituents include a- and p-pinene, p-caryophyllene, 1-limonene, d-hydrocarveol, piperidine, and piperrine (FCTXAV 16,637,78). A colorless to greenish liquid odor and taste of pepper. Sol in fixed oils, mineral oil, propylene glycol sidy sol in glycerin. 

Oil of Pepper, Volatile oil from unripa fruit of the black pepper. Constit. Chiefly /-phellandrene, sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene). 

Whereas the bicyclic sesquiterpene (— )-caryophyllene (159) [odor threshold in water solution 64ppb (77)] is widely distributed in flavors, its stereoisomer (160) is found only rarely in nature 206, 281, 336, 401). Apparently (160) is an artifact, the formation of which from (159) by the action of photochemically produced radicals could be shown (557). Black pepper oil rich in hydrocarbon (159) smells sweet and flowery 341, 500). On the other hand, the hydrocarbon fraction of... 

P-Caryophyllene is a common component of many essential oils. For example, the essential oil of black pepper (see Table 8.32, later) contains about 20% of P-caryophyllene. Its a-isomer humulene (also known as a-caryophyllene) occurs in the hops essential oil Humulus lupulus, Cannabaceae) both compounds are often present in the mixture. Common components of essential oils are also bisabolenes. Higher quantities of P-bisabolene (10-15%) and also a-zingiberene (22-30%), ar-curcumene (20%), a-selinene and p-farnesene are found in ginger essential oil. The essential oil of white sandalwood Santalum album, Santalaceae) contains, in addition to sesquiterpenic alcohols as major components, many sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons, including a-bergamotene or-curcumene, P-bisabolene and many others. Trivial and systematic names of the main sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons are listed in Table 8.3. 

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