Cartwright, Nancy

Cartwright, Nancy. C., How the Laws of Physics Lie. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1983,... 

Cadoppo, John, 271,388 Camus, Armand, 400 Carroll N06I, 247 n.16 Cartwright Nancy, -3 catastrophe theory, 4 43,303-4 catharsis, 25,253,362 character planning, 21. ti7-ai charity, donations to. 26,34, 37, 39, 45,359... 

Cartwright, Nancy. 1980. "The Reality of Causes in a World of Instrumental Laws." In P. Asquith 8c R. Giere, eds. Philosophy of Science Association (vol. 2, pp. 38-48). 

Cartwright, Nancy. 1999. The dappled world A study of the boundaries of science. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

Cartwright, Nancy. 1983. How the laws of physics lie. Oxford Oxford University Press. Cartwright, Nancy. 1989. Nature s capacities and their measurement. Oxford Oxford University Press. 

Cartwright, Nancy (1989) Nature s Capacities and Their Measurement, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 

My main source for a philosophy of science is Nancy Cartwright. In contrast to that of Arendt, the work of Cartwright is very much within a particular school of the philosophy of science, the Stanford school . This school includes Ian Hacking and John , whose work I also draw on. 

For example, Nancy Cartwright discusses the work of Daniel Flausman on evidence in economic theory. He claims that many economists believe that equilibrium theory provides a complete theory of the whole economic domain and thus dismiss as ad hoc any generalizations about human behaviour that constitute additional causal factors to those considered relevant by equilibrium theory (Cartwright, 1999, pi 6). 

As I reached this conclusion 1 discovered that it had been anticipated by Nancy Cartwright s claim that "the laws of physics lie " Hence the resort to explanation by mechanism in the social sciences may not be due to their less developed state or to the complexity of their subject matter, but to more general facts about human understanding or about the world. The following passage will convey some of the flavor of Cartwright s argument ... 

See the papers by Nancy Cartwright, Bas van Fraassen and Arthur Fine in M. Curd and J. A. Cover cAPj,Philosophy of Science The Central Issues (New York W. Norton, 1998), pp. 865-78, 1064-87, and 1186-1208. See also Rouse, Knowledge and Power, pp. 9-10. 

In short, chemists must stabilize a specific domain of application of the whole complex in order to determine a quantity of a particular type of body within certain limits imposed by standards of normalization and laws. The sentence all things being equal encompasses the co-adaptation and the channeling of multifarious fluctuations which, in turn, leads to the very possibility of making holistic inferences as regards the performance of the whole complex within the normative framework of a quality control process. The ceteris paribus clause is not illusory in the domain of chemistry but refers to a new type of nomological machine, to use Nancy Cartwright s turn of phrase, that is... 

The tenn paper tool as well as similar ones like conceptual tools, tools o( representation, and tool-box of science, have begun to creep into the literature, especially in the history of science. The first of these terms, papa tools, was coined by Ursula Klein (Klein, Berzelian Formulas ). The other terms I mention, which evoke similar ideas have been used by the likes of Bruno Latour, Jed Buchwald and Nancy Cartwright in spite of their widely diverging philosophical orientations. In addition terms like tools of representation are sometimes used by scientists, in particular in the computational sciences. Since one theme of this volume is paper tools in chemistry and other experimental science I will try to say a few words about how I interpret this phrase. 

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