Carrageenan, fractionation

Different species of seaweed yield different carrageenan fractions ... 

Rees et al. (25) have extensively examined the solution conformation and interactions of a number of polysaccharides, especially carrageenan fractions. Kappa-carrageenan is unusual as it forms gels when a solution of its potassium salt is cooled. Rees conceives that double helix formation occurs in solution and, interlocking helices develop in the gel state. 

N. Caram-Lelham, R. L. Cleland, and L. O. Sundeloef, Temperature and salt optimization of K-carrageenan fractionation by DEAE-cellulose, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 16 (1994) 71—75. 

S. H. Knutsen, D. E. Myslabodski, and H. Grasdalen, Characterization of carrageenan fractions from Norwegian Furcellaria lumbricalis (Huds.) Lamour. by H-n.m.r. spectroscopy, Carbohydr. Res., 206 (1990) 367-372. 

The x-ray structure of oriented fibers from the carrageenan fractions, k and X, was examined by Bayley over a decade ago. The fractions differ in the sulfate substitution. The level of order in his stretched fibers appears to have been of the paracrystalline type, but an ordered conformation along the backbone was clearly present. He drew the important conclusion that the x-ray pattern from the whole carrageenan does not represent the sum of those from the separate k and X components, and that, therefore, the two components must exist in a unique structural relationship with respect to one another. Only continued, intensive efforts on the native and pure components will permit a full appreciation of this complex structure. The same comment applies to all of the acidic and ester polysaccharide studies mentioned in this Section. A review of chemical work on carrageenans mentions that Bayley interpreted his diagrams in terms of incorrect structures for both components. 

Meunier, V., Nicolai, T. Durand, D. (2001). Structure of aggregating K-carrageenan fractions studied by light scattering. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, Vol. 28, No 2, pp. 157-165, ISSN 0141-8130. 

A,-Carrageenan [9064-57-7, 9000-07-1 (k+ little of 2.)]. This D-galactose-anhydro-D or L-galactoside polysaccharide is ppted from 4g of Carrageenan in 600mL of water containing 12g of KOAc by addn of EtOH. The fraction taken, ppted between 30 and 45% (v/v) EtOH. [Pal and Schubert JAm Chem Soc 84 4384 1962.]... 

Figure 7.7 Serum volume fraction after 21 days storage in emulsions made with 0.14 wt% locust bean gum and skim milk powder (black columns) or sodium caseinate (white columns), and containing 400 ppm Ca2+, as a function of the added K-carrageenan concentration. Reproduced from Vega et al. (2005) with permission.

Cation-exchange columns have been used effectively by some investigators for the fractionation of casein (Annan and Manson 1969 Kim et al 1969 Kopfler et al. 1969 Snoeren et al. 1977 Saito et al 1979). Sulfoethyl-Sephadex was used by Annan and Manson (1969) with formate buffer to fractionate the as-casein complex. Cellulose phosphate, carboxyl-methyl-cellulose (CMC), potassium-K-carrageenan, and sodium Amberlite CG50 columns have also been used to fractionate the caseins (Kim et al. 1969 Kopfler et al. 1969 Snoeren et al 1977). A batch method for the preparation of para-K-casein from rennin-treated whole casein has been developed with CMC Sephadex (Saito et al. 1979). 

Lipolysis in milk is affected by inhibiting and activating factors. As discussed above, proteose peptone fraction of milk can inhibit milk LPL while apolipoproteins stimulate the enzyme. This is particularly important in spontaneous lipolysis however, proteose peptone 3 has been shown to inhibit lipolysis induced by homogenization, sonication, and temperature activation (Arora and Joshi, 1994), while protein components of the milk fat globule membrane inhibit lipolysis caused by bacterial lipase (Danthine et al., 2000). Several exogenous chemical agents can also inhibit lipolysis (Collomb and Spahni, 1995). For example, polysaccharides such as X-carrageenan at 0.3 g/1 effectively inhibits lipolysis in milk activated by mechanical means or temperature manipulation (Shipe et al., 1982) and lipolysis caused by the lipase from P. fluorescens (Stern et al., 1988). 

C. A. Stortz and A. S. Cerezo, The systems of carrageenans from cystocarpic and tetrasporic stages from Iridaea undulosa Fractionation with potassium chloride and methylation analysis of the fractions, Carbohydr. Res., 242 (1993) 217-227. 

A. J. Pemas, O. Smidsrpd, B. Larsen, and A. Haug, Chemical heterogeneity of carrageenans as shown by fractional precipitation with potassium chloride, Acta Chem. Scand., 21 (1967) 98—110. 

C. A. Stortz, M. R. Cases, and A. S. Cerezo, The system of agaroids and carrageenans from the soluble fraction of the tetrasporic stage of the red seaweed Iridaea undulosa, Carbohydr. Polym., 34 (1997) 61-65. 

V. Spichtig and S. Austin, Determination of the low molecular weight fraction of food-grade carrageenans,/. Chromatogr. B, 861 (2008) 81-87. 

K. H. Johnston and E. L. McCandless, Enzymic hydrolysis of the potassium chloride soluble fraction of carrageenan. Properties of A-carrageenases from Pseudomonas carrageenovora, Can. J. Microbiol., 19 (1973) 779-788. 

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