Cardiovascular system basics

Lacroix, P. and Provost, D. (2000). Basic safety pharmacology the cardiovascular system. Therapie 55 63-69. 

Nonclinical safety pharmacology studies submitted to regulatory agencies are outlined in ICH Guidance S7A (2001), and the basic package includes evaluation of a drug candidate s effects on the central nervous system, respiration, and the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular system evaluation includes assessment of cardiac function and cardiac electrophysiological activity. 

TH clearly affects the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system the principal basic mechanisms involved in TH control of the heart and vascular system are briefly discussed below. 

The demonstration of the hematological and cardiovascular relevance of such basic bioelectrochemical studies is necessary and the former has to some extent been exemplified in this and the earlier subsections. In the cardiovascular system, especially when metallic implants are used, it is likely that such types of electrochemical reactions are triggered and provide an alternate pathway for the blood coagulation cascade. This aspect will be dealt with in Section 4.1. 

In order to analyze the functional coupling between the heart and the blood vessels, we will use a model in which the cardiovascular system has been reduced to its simplest components (Levy, 1979 Berne and Levy, 1981). The model consists of a pump, an elastic arterial system, a peripheral resistance (/ ), and an elastic venous system (Figure 1). The relative ease of analysis of the interactions among the components of this simplified model permits the elucidation of certain basic principles. For many purposes the model is much too simple and potentially misleading. For such purposes, more complicated models must be used, such as those developed by Grodins and his coworkers (1959,1960), Sagawa (1972), and Guyton et al. (1973). 

Gillies HC, Roblin D, Jackson G. Coronary and systemic haemodynamic effects of sildenafil citrate from basic science to clinical studies in patients with cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol 2002 86 131-141. 

Environmental hazards for health are basically due to emissions of the industrial enterprises and motor transport vehicles. In a daily life on a person as a rule acts the complex of adverse environmental factors. It results in development of pathological changes in different body systems, manifesting in functional, morphological and genetic shifts in an organism. As result ecologically or occupationally induced diseases of respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, reproductive and other systems are formed. 

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