Cardinal Rules

Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication, OPA-87-020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, March 1996. 

There are no easy prescriptions for successful risk communication. However, tliose who liave studied and participated in recent debates about risk generally agree on seven cardinal rules. These rules apply equally well to tlie public and private sectors. Altliough many of tliese rules may seem obvious, they are continually and consistently violated in practice. Tims, a useful way to read tliese rules is to focus on why they are frequently not followed... 

One of the cardinal rules in die design is to avoid all sharp corners. Why ... 

In this paper he makes the statement, One might argue that trying to predict values of composition outside the data used in calibration breaks the cardinal rule of not predicting outside the training data. He seems almost surprised at being able to do that. 

Corporate standards, approved by the EHS board, are established for audit/review performance-based training MOC, which is approved by the area production leader and training, which addresses worst case scenarios, cardinal rules, and lines of defense. 

More generally, testing for a trend is a self-defeating exercise, if the observation sets are not connected by causality. This cardinal rule, applying equally to parametric and nonparametric tests, has been amply emphasized in the literature. 

In defining units of analysis it is also important to take account of Vose s (2000, p 201) cardinal rule of risk analysis modeling every iteration of a risk analysis model must be a scenario that could physically occur. ... 

A cardinal rule of trace analysis by GC (and almost certainly by any other method of measurement) requires that standardization involve quantities of the test materials equal to, or closely approximating the quantities to be measured in samples. In the case of standard materials that are liquids or solids, a properly measurable weight or volume of the material can be appropriately diluted. To avoid the use of excessive solvent volumes, serial dilutions can be made, as long as reasonable care is exercised. 

What factors affect solubility The cardinal rule of solubility is like dissolves like. We find that we must use a polar solvent to dissolve a polar or Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes ionic solute and a nonpolar solvent to dissolve a nonpolar solute. Now we... 

Brain-storming sessions involving multidisciplinary groups often produce marketable ideas. The cardinal rule of brainstorming is that no expressed thought be evaluated during the session, because the threat of critique inhibits the free flow of ideas. 

The cardinal rules for proper use of wood can be stated simply keep wood dry, and, if you can t keep it dry, use naturally durable or preservative-treated wood. The first rule is based on a simple biological principle liquid water is needed in wood cells to provide a medium for diffusion of the enzymes or other metabolites by which wood-decomposing organisms digest the wood substance. If there is no liquid water present inside the wood cells, there will be no medium for diffusion, and therefore no biological decomposition except for certain insects of relatively minor importance. Thus, as long as wood is kept below its fiber-saturation point (about 27% of its dry weight), it will never decay. 

The results of research on the factors that influence successful risk communication are the bases for sets of risk communication principles that have been developed. One well-known set of principles is titled Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication. This guide includes steps to increase trust such as to coordinate and collaborate with other credible sources , steps to increase the recipients control such as to accept and involve the public as a legitimate partner , and steps to increase the interactive nature of the process such as to listen to the public s specific concerns . 

Aggressive Mars goes retrograde every 22 months for about 11 weeks. During those times, the cardinal rule is simple Don t launch a crusade or go to war, metaphorically or otherwise. 

The cardinal rule for effective presentation of experimental data in posters does not really differ from that for preparing slides or overhead transparencies for a talk keep the information per panel to a minimum and make it easy to absorb at a glance. For example, graphical presentation of numerical data is generally more effective than tabulation (be sure the axes are clearly labeled) give structures of compounds rather than names wherever possi-... 

Covello, V., Allen, F., Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk Communication USEPA Office of Policy Analysis (1988). 

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