Carcinogenicity immunosuppressive

Toxicity and exposure studies indicate PFOA is immunosuppressive and can cause developmental problems and other adverse effects in laboratory animals, such as rodents [Lau et al (2004), Lau et al (2006)]. In 2005 the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released a draft risk assessment of its potential human health effects [U S. EPA (2005)]. A subsequent review by the EPA science advisory board concluded that there is sufficient evidence to classify PFOA as likely human carcinogenic. 

Hastings, K.L., Assessment of immunosuppressant drug carcinogenicity standard and alternative animal models, Hum. Exptl. Toxicol., 19, 261, 2000. 

Dean, J.H., et al., Selective immunosuppression resulting from exposure to the carcinogenic congener of benzopyrene in B6C3F1 mice, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 52, 199, 1983. 

Bone marrow toxicity is the major side effect of chlorambucil. Nausea is uncommon or mUd, and hair loss does not occur. Chlorambucil shares the immunosuppressive, teratogenic, and carcinogenic properties of the nitrogen mustards. 

The major side effects of dactinomycin are severe nausea, vomiting, and myelosuppression. Mucositis, diarrhea, alopecia, and radiation recall reactions may occur. The drug is immunosuppressive and carcinogenic. 

Epigenetic carcinogens cause the appearance of tumors without a genotoxic effect. This includes promotion, immunosuppression, cocarcinogenicity, and cytotoxicity. This group probably involves diverse mechanisms. They may act by... 

Epigenetic carcinogens cause tumors without a genotoxic effect and act via promotion, immunosuppression, cocarcinogenicity, and cytotoxicity. 

Adverse Effects. Cyclophosphamide is used very cautiously as an immunosuppressant because of the possibility of severe side effects, including carcinogenic effects during long-term use. Other side effects include hematologic disorders (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity. 

Antineoplastic agents may be teratogenic, carcinogenic, or immunosuppressant, and they exert their lethal effects on different phases of cell cycle by being either cell-cycle specific or nonspecific (Figure 8.1). 

Dioxins - global superecotoxicants, which have strong mutagenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and embryotoxic activity. 

There is a very broad range of toxic effects of dioxins. Many of the congeners can induce toxic responses at very low dose. The most sensitive effects are immunosuppression, developmental and reproductive toxicity, as well as neurological behavioral effects. Carcinogenic effects are induced at higher exposure. TCDD was considered a complete carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC [115]. 

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