Carboxylic acid anhydrides alcohols

C-O O-H Alcohols, ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, anhydrides Alcohols, phenols 1300-1000 7.69-10.0 s... 

Bases (ethers, carboxylic acid anhydrides, alcohols). 

The alcohol groups of carbohydrates undergo chemical reactions typical of hydroxyl functions They are converted to esters by reaction with acyl chlorides and carboxylic acid anhydrides... 

Esterification with carboxylic acid anhydrides (Section 15.8) Carboxylic acid anhydrides react with alcohols to form esters in the same way that acyl chlorides do. 

Acid anhydride + alcohol => ester + carboxylic acid... 

Carboxylic acids, anhydrides, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and chlorinated solvents have only a slight effect. 

The most important reactions of carboxylic acids are the conversions to various carboxylic acid derivatives, e.g. acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and esters. Esters are prepared by the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols. The reaction is acid catalysed and is known as Fischer esterification (see Section 5.5.5). Acid chlorides are obtained from carboxylic acids by the treatment of thionyl chloride (SOCI2) or oxalyl chloride [(COCl)2], and acid anhydrides are produced from two carboxylic acids. A summary of the conversion of carboxylic acid is presented here. All these conversions involve nucleophilic acyl substitutions (see Section 5.5.5). 

The polymerisation of a-aminoacid A-carboxyanhydride, which is accompanied with the elimination of carbon dioxide, constitutes a convenient method for preparing high molecular weight polypeptide. This polymerisation, with the use of a-aminopropionic acid (alanine) A-carboxylic acid anhydride as a monomer, was also carried out in the presence of coordination catalysts such as group 2 and 3 metal alkyls [168-174] or their combinations with water, secondary amine or alcohol [168,173] and yielded polyalanine (Table 9.2). 

Acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, esters, and tertiary amides are polar, but due to lack a hydrogen atom that is capable of participating in hydrogen bonding, they have lower boiling points than carboxylic acids or alcohols of similar molecular weight, and similar boiling points to comparable aldehydes and ketones. 

In the Friedel-Crafts acylation, carboxylic acid chlorides and carboxylic acid anhydrides are activated with stoichiometric amounts of A1C13 (Section 5.2.7). However, this activation is only possible in the presence of very weak nucleophiles such as aromatic compounds. Stronger nucleophiles would react with the A1C13 instead of the carboxylic acid derivative. If one wants to acylate such stronger nucleophiles—for example, alcohols or amines—with car-... 

Cleavage of an ester by ammonia (or an amine) to give an amide and an alcohol, (p. 1003) (carboxylic acid anhydride) An activated acid derivative formed from two acid molecules with loss of a molecule of water. A mixed anhydride is an anhydride derived from two different acid molecules, (p. 986)... 

Direct ester formation from alcohols (R1OH) and carboxylic adds (R2C02H) works in acid solution-but does not work at all in basic solution. Why not By contrast, ester formation from alcohols (R1OH) and carboxylic acid anhydrides, (R2C0)2O, or acid chlorides, RCOCl, is commonly carried out in the presence of amines such as pyridine or F.tjN. Why does this work ... 

During the reaction, the palladium catalyst is reduced. It is reoxidized by a co-catalyst system such as cupric chloride and oxygen. The products are acrylic acid in a carboxylic acid-anhydride mixture or acrylic esters in an alcoholic solvent. Reaction products also include significant amounts of 3-acryloxypropionic acid [24615-84-7] and alkyl 3-alkoxypropionates, which can be converted thermally to the corresponding acrylates (23,98). The overall reaction may be represented by ... 

The alkoxy radicals so formed are the precursors of a, P-unsaturated ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and alcohols. Saturation reactions, Nor-rish type I reactions of ketonic compounds and oxidation of aldehydic species occur under irradiation. This finally leads to the formation of saturated carboxylic acids as the main oxidation products accompanied by esters, y-lactones, peresters, anhydrides, alcohols and ether bridges. 

P—O—P— linkages analogous to the —C—0—C— linkage in carboxylic acid anhydrides. Just as carboxylic anhydrides react with alcohols by breaking a... 

---