Carboxylation carboxylic acid, name ending

Acid halides are named by identifying first the acyl group and then the halide. The acyl group name is derived from the carboxylic acid name by replacing the -ic acid ending with -yl or the -carboxylic acid ending with -carbonyl, as described previously in Section 20.1 and shown in Table 20.1 on page 753. For example ... 

The name of a carboxylic acid always ends in -ic, and the name of the anion ends in -ate. Figure 17-9 shows three simple carboxylic acids formic acid ( K = 1.8 x 10 ), acetic acid ( K — 1.8 X 10 ), and benzoic acid ( Ta = 6.4 X 10 ). HCO2 is formate, CH3 CO2 is acetate, and Cg H5 CO2 is benzoate. Examples and treat benzoic acid quantitatively. 

German names of acids should generally be translated by substituting -ic acid for -stiure. Some well-established names are exceptions, as Zuckersaure (saccharic acid), Milchsaure (lactic acid), or Valeriansaure (valeric acid), etc. For a few well-established names it is correct to translate -insaure -ic acid instead of -inic acid. E.g., Acridinsaure is acridic acid. Names ending in carbonsaure are to be translated -carboxylic acid (not carbonic acid). 

The first word of the name of an ester is the name of the alkyl or aromatic group (R ) contributed by the alcohol. The second word is the carboxylic acid name, with the -ic acid ending changed to -ate. This is similar to the method used for naming carboxylic acid salts. Thus, an ester of acetic acid becomes an acetate, one of butyric acid becomes a butyrate, one of lactic acid becomes a lactate, and so on. 

Systematic names for carboxylic acids are derived by counting the number of car bons m the longest continuous chain that includes the carboxyl group and replacing the e ending of the corresponding alkane by oic acid The first three acids m Table 19 1 methanoic (1 carbon) ethanoic (2 carbons) and octadecanoic acid (18 carbons) illus trate this point When substituents are present their locations are identified by number... 

A lactone is named by replacing the oic acid ending of the parent carboxylic acid by olide and identifying its oxygenated carbon by number This system is illustrated m the lactones shown m the preceding equations Both 4 butanolide and 5 pentanolide are... 

Substitutive lUPAC names for nitriles add the suffix nitrile fo fhe name of fhe parenf hydrocarbon chain fhaf includes fhe carbon of fhe cyano group Nifriles may also be named by replacing the ic acid or oic acid ending of the corresponding carboxylic acid with omtrile Alternatively they are sometimes given functional class lUPAC names as alkyl cyanides... 

The reaction of aldoses with nitric acid leads to the formation of aldaric acids by oxidation of both the aldehyde and the terminal primary alcohol function to carboxylic acid groups Aldaric acids are also known as saccharic acids and are named by substi tutmg aric acid for the ose ending of the corresponding carbohydrate... 

Derivatives of aldoses in which the terminal aldehyde function is oxidized to a carboxylic acid are called aldonic acids. Aldonic acids are named by replacing the -ose ending of the aldose by -onic acid. Oxidation of aldoses with bromine is the most commonly used method for the preparation of aldonic acids and involves the furanose or pyranose form of the carbohydrate. 

Names ending in -carbonsdure are translated -carboxylic add, not -carbonic acid (but -carbonyl chloride is preferred to -carboxylyl chloride). 

Nitriles can also be named as derivatives of carboxylic acids by replacing the -ic acid or -oic acid ending with -onitrile, or by replacing the -carboxylic acid ending Avith -carbonitriie. The nitrile carbon atom is attached to Cl but is not itself numbered. 

Esters are named by first identifying the alkyl group attached to oxygen and then the carboxylic acid, with the -ic acid ending replaced by -ate. 

As the name implies, an amino acid is a bifunctional molecule with a carboxylic acid group at one end and an amine group at the other. All proteins are polyamides made from condensation reactions of amino acids. Every amino acid in proteins has a central carbon atom bonded to one hydrogen atom and to a second group, symbolized in Figure 13-31 as R. 

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