Carbon-13 parameters, configurationally dependent

The chemical shifts of the carbons of C=C double bonds typically range from ca. 80-160 ppm a wider range of 40-210 ppm is observed with O- and N-substituents. In unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons, they can be predicted with high accuracy (see below). To estimate the chemical shifts in all other substituted alkenes, one can use the substituent effects listed for chemical shifts in vinyl groups. However, since no configuration-dependent parameters are available, the values thus estimated are less accurate than those for unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons. 

The different fractions can be sent to a refinery for further processing to yield synthetic fuel or a fuel blending stock of the desired quality. It has been reported that as much as 97% of the coal carbon can be converted to synthetic fuel but this very much depends on the coal typo, the reactor configuration, and the process parameters. 

Mathematical modeling of biosensors has been successfully used to investigate the kinetic peculiarities of the biosensor action. The numerical simulation became a powerful framework for numerical investigation of the impact of model parameters on the biosensor action and to optimize the biosensor configuration [7]. Recently, the computational modeling of the laccase-based biosensor qualitatively explained and confirmed the experimentally observed synergistic effect of the mediator on the biosensor response [21]. The numerical simulation of an amperometric biosensor based on an enzyme-loaded carbon nanotube (CNT) layer deposited on a perforated membrane highlighted the dependence of the steady-state biosensor current on the anisotropic properties of CNT. It was also shown that the sensitivity of the biosensors... 

The resultant copolymer properties depend on different parameters, such as comonomer content and distribution throughout the polymer chain, as well as the configuration of the asymmetric carbons of the comonomer units. The microstmcture of the copolymer can be controlled by the appropriate choice of reaction conditions... 

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