Carbon nanotubes nanostructured approach

Moreover, nanostructured materials are useful for the construction of NE. For example, a carbon NE has been reported by sealing of a carbon nanotube under an insulator layer [27]. NE ensembles have been obtained through self-assembling of gold nanoparticles [28] and carbon nanotubes [29] at derivatized substrates. Another interesting approach is the direct growth of carbon nanotubes on electrodes with dispersed catalytic nickel nanoparticles. In this case, highly dispersed carbon NE ensembles can be constructed [30]. 

There are very few studies based on this approach, but it was demonstrated that using nanostructured carbon-based electrodes, it is possible to electrocatalytically reduce C02 in the gas phase using the protons flowing through a membrane [38], Long-chain hydrocarbons and alcohols up to C9 CIO are formed, with preferential formation of isopropanol using carbon-nanotube-based electrodes [14, 39]. Productivities are still limited, but these results demonstrate the concept of a new approach to recycle C02 back to fuels. 

This technique can use several different variations to achieve the growth of nanostructured materials. In one version, a metal catalyst is deposited and/or patterned into a desired layout. From these metal catalyst locatimis, the nanorod materials are assembled to the finished length or size. Another approach can involve the acmal growth of a different material inside or on an existing nanostrucmred material such a carbon nanotube. This technique can be used to grow... 

Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to describe and review examples of how theoretical investigations can be applied to elucidate the behavior of carbon nanostructures and to imder-stand the physical mechanisms taking place at the molecular level. We will place a special emphasis in theoretical works utilizing density functional theory. We assume that the reader is familiar with the basics of density functional theory as well as the electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). We do not intend to present an extensive review instead, we focus on several examples to illustrate the powerful predictive capabilities of current computational approaches. 

Nanostructured interfaces between the bare electrode and DNA, formed by various nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles and carbon nanomaterials (e.g., SWCNTs, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, and graphene oxide nanosheets) [54-63], represent another approach to the enhancement of the biosensor response due to inherent electroactivity, effective electrode surface area, etc. [35, 64]. Nanometer scale complex films of DNA, enzymes, polyions, and redox mediators were suggested for tests of genotoxic activity of various chemicals [65]. 

Incorporation of an inorganic secondary component into the matrix of conducting polymers is a useful approach to improve the functionality of conducting polymer-based nanocomposites. Nanoparticles of metal or metal oxide and other nanostructures such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used as dispersoid within conducting polymer matrix depending on the requirements. The shape, size, aspect ratio and the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and dispersoid affect the properties of the hybrid nanocomposites [28]. The synthesis, properties, and applications of different conducting polymer-based hybrid nanocomposites are discussed below. 

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