Carbon foam grid

Firefly Energy (USA) used carbon foam instead of a lead grid to hold the negative active material and to maintain a stable 3D structure of NAM with widely open pores [82]... 

In 2009, Joey Jung developed a high surface area current collector for both positive and negative electrodes with amnlticonductive substrate. The current collectors were fabricated via deposited lead alloy on reticulated, multiconductive substrates. The substrate material can be carbon foam or polymer. Figure 1.38 shows a comparison of the multiconductive polymer-based current collector and the conventional grid. 

The form and shape of the electrodes are tailored for the specific reactor configuration. Typical shapes include flat metal sheets, perforated or expanded metal grids, metal foams and meshes, and three-dimensional packed bed electrodes formed by stacking metal meshes, pressing catalyst powders, or by use of microporous carbon felts and cloths (three-dimensional electrodes are particularly attractive for low-current density reactions because the electrode surface per unit reactor volume can be made very large) [28]. 

In 2009, Firefly Energy Inc. revealed its Oasis battery, which was developed by Kurt KeUy. This battery is equipped with conventional lead grids as the positive current collector and carbon-graphite foams as the negative current collector. Firefly has named the carbon-graphite technology as 3D technology. Because of the replacement of... 

Many concepts were developed to overcome one of the main drawbacks of the lead-acid system the heavy supporting lead structures (grids, connectors, etc.). Lead foam [89], lead-plated carbon rods [90], electroplated vitreous carbon [91], flexible-graphite grids [92], or graphite foams [93] were tested, also lead-plated materials like titanium [94], Ebonex [95], copper mesh [96], polymeric structures [97], polymer foam [98], or glass fiber mesh [99]. Warlimont and Hofmann [100] describe the development of multilayer composite grids. 

The undivided electrochemical glass cell and other equipment commonly used in the laboratory for many reactions described below are shown in Fig. 15.1. The anode is a rod of magnesium, iron or zinc it is held by an open-top cap equipped with a joint and screwed on the top of the glass cell. The cathode is concentric and made of a grid of stainless steel or carbon fiber, or foam of nickel. The apparent cathode surface is 10-20 cm The electrodes are connected by stainless steel wires to the DC power supply that can provide up to 1A current intensity. Side arms equipped with screw caps allow the introduction of solvent (usually 30-50 mL), the reagents, as well as a permanent supply of an inert gas (N2 or Ar), and for the connection of the cathode. Dipolar aprotic solvents are used, mainly dimethyl-formamide (DMF) and acetonitrile (ACN), or their mixture with pyridine (Pyr),... 

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