Firefly Energy

Firefly Energy (USA) used carbon foam instead of a lead grid to hold the negative active material and to maintain a stable 3D structure of NAM with widely open pores [82]... 

In 2009, Firefly Energy Inc. revealed its Oasis battery, which was developed by Kurt KeUy. This battery is equipped with conventional lead grids as the positive current collector and carbon-graphite foams as the negative current collector. Firefly has named the carbon-graphite technology as 3D technology. Because of the replacement of... 

Firefly Energy. Available at http //www.flreflyenergy.com/knages/stories/pdfs/white%20 paper204.25.08.pdf (retrieved December 23, 2013). 

Fig. 1.12 Mechanism of the bioluminescence reaction of firefly luciferin catalyzed by firefly luciferase. Luciferin is probably in the dianion form when bound to luciferase. Luciferase-bound luciferin is converted into an adenylate in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, splitting off pyrophosphate (PP). The adenylate is oxygenated in the presence of oxygen (air) forming a peroxide intermediate A, which forms a dioxetanone intermediate B by splitting off AMP. The decomposition of intermediate B produces the excited state of oxyluciferin monoanion (Cl) or dianion (C2). When the energy levels of the excited states fall to the ground states, Cl and C2 emit red light (Amax 615 nm) and yellow-green light (Amax 560 nm), respectively.

C06-0043. In each of the following processes, energy is transformed from one type to another. Identify what type of energy is consumed and what type is produced, (a) Methane bums on the element of a stove, (b) An elevator carries passengers from the ground floor to the fourth floor, (c) A firefly produces light on a summer evening. 

C15-0088. Fireflies flash at a rate that depends on the temperature. At 29 °C, the average rate is 3.3 flashes every 10 seconds, whereas at 23 °C, the average rate falls to 2.7 flashes every 10 seconds. Calculate the energy of activation for the flashing process. 

A clever adaptation of a special kind of fluorescence where the energy source is a chemical reaction is called chemiluminescence. The common firefly uses such a reaction to generate light in the green-yellow end of the visible light spectrum. The reaction involves an... 

Yamakawa Y, Ueda H, Kitayama A et al (2002) Rapid homogeneous immunoassay of peptides based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer from firefly luciferase. J Biosci Bioeng 93 537-542... 

Analogously to the firefly luciferin/luciferase system, the general chemiluminescence mechanism postulated for 9-carboxyacridinium derivatives proposes the 1,2-dioxetanone 45 as high-energy intermediate However, this 1,2-dioxetanone is the only intermediate that has not yet been isolated . The cleavage of the peroxidic ring presumably results in the release of CO2 and the formation of an acridan residue in its electronically excited state (Scheme 32). 

The activation of amino acids before their polymerization into proteins (see Fig. 27-14) is accomplished by an analogous set of reactions in which a transfer ENA molecule takes the place of coenzyme A An interesting use of the cleavage of ATP to AMP and PP, occurs in the firefly, which uses ATP as an energy source to produce light flashes (Box 13-2). 

CIEEL is of particular interest for the development of modern chemiluminescent bioassays. The most popular clinical bioassays utilize thermally persistent spiro-adamantyl-substituted dioxetanes with a protected phenolate moiety. These designed 1,2-dioxetanes include an energy source, a fluorophore, and a trigger grouping, and are therefore structurally similar to bioluminescent substrates such as firefly luciferin. Three main commercial dioxetanes 75 are available as one-reagent assays for alkaline phosphatase and are sold under the name of AMPPD (R1 = R2 = H), CSPD (R1 = Cl, R2 = H), and CDP-Star (R1 = R2 = Cl) <2006S1781, 2003ANA279>. These substrates are sensitive to 10 21 mol of alkaline phosphatase in solution. 

BRET is based on the non-radiative transfer of energy between a biolumi-nescent donor protein (e.g. firefly or Renilla reniformis luciferase) and a... 

Luminescence (or chemiluminescence) is another phenomenon in which light is emitted, but here the energy for the initial excitation of electrons is provided by a chemical reaction rather than by electromagnetic radiation. An example is the action of the enzyme luciferase, extracted from fireflies, which catalyses the following reaction ... 

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