Carbon Fibers small angle scattering

Ruland W (1969) Small-angle scattering studies on carbonized cellulose fibers, J... 

Kieffer, J., Investigation of the transitional pore stmeture of activated carbon fibers by small-angle neutron scattering, J. Appl. Phys., 1992, 72(12), 5649 5656. 

Cazorla-Amords, D., dc Lecea, C. S. M., Alcaniz-Monge, J., Gardner, M., North, A. and Dore, J., Characterization of activated carbon fibers by small-angle x-ray scattering. Carbon, 1998, 36(3), 309 312. 

In this chapter, we present in some detail gas adsorption techniques, by reviewing the adsorption theory and the analysis methods, and present examples of assessment of PSDs with different methods. Some examples will show the limitations of this technique. Moreover, we also focus on the use of SAXS technique for the characterization of porous solids, including examples of SAXS and microbeam small-angle x-ray scattering (pSAXS) applications to the characterization of activated carbon fibers (ACFs). We remark the importance of combining different techniques to get a complete characterization, especially when not accessible porosity exists. 

Paris O, Loidl D, Peterlik H, Muller M, Lichtenegger H, and Fratzl P. The internal structure of single carbon fibers determined by simultaneous small- and wide-angle x-ray scattering. J. Appl. Crystallogr., 2000 33 695-699. 

Lozano-Castello D, Raymundo-Pinero E, Cazorla-Amoros D, Linares-Solano A, Muller M, and Riekel C. Characterization of pore distribution in activated carbon fibers by microbeam small angle x-ray scattering. Carbon, 2002 40 2727-2735. 

Microbeam small angle X-ray scattering ( SAXS) a novel technique for the characterization of activated carbon fibers. 

The use of Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) technique to characterize porous carbon materials has been analyzed. Positron annihilation lifetimes have been measured in two series of petroleum pitch-based activated carbon fibers (ACF) prepared by CO2 and steam activation. Two lifetime components were found a short-lived component, Ti from 375 to 393 ps and a long-lived component, 1 2 from 1247 to 1898 ps. The results have been compared to those obtained by Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) and N2 and CO2 adsorption at 77K and 273K respectively The correlation found demonstrates the usefulness of PALS to get complementary information on the porous structure of microporous carbons. 

Lozano-CasteUo, D., Raymundo-Pinero, E., Cazorla-Amoros, D., et al. (2002). Microbeam small angle X-ray scattering (fJtSAXS) a novel technique for the characterization of activated carbon fibers. Stud. Surf. Sd. Catal., 144, 51—8. 

Renouprez, A. and Avom,J. (1988). Characterization of active carbons from palm-tree fibers using nitrogen adsorption and small angle X-ray scattering. Stud. Surf. Sd. Catai, 39, 49-54. 

Small angle X-ray scattering in carbon fibers was undertaken by Gupta and co-workers [41]. Two useful publications for more information are [42,43]. 

Gupta A, Harrison IR, Lahijani J, Small angle X-ray scattering in carbon fibers, J Appl Crystallography, 27(4), 627-636, 1994. 

Analytical Techniques. Analytical techniques to determine the structure of carbon fibers include wide-angle and small-angle x-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, neutron scattering, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. Detailed reviews of these techniques are found in the literature. ... 

Kaburagi, M. Bin Y, Zhu, D. Xu, C, Matsuo, M. Small angle Xray scattering from voids within fibers during the stabilization and carbonization stages. Carbon 2003,41, 915-926. 

Hoinkis E, Ziehl M. A small angle neutron scattering study of activated carbon fibers. Carbon 2003 41(11) 2047-2056. 

Wang W, Murthy NS, Chae HG, Kumar S. Small-angle X-ray scattering investigation of carbon nanotube-reinforced polyacrylonitrile fibers during deformation. J Polym Sci B 2009 47 2394-2409. 

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