Stage carbonate

Once there is an appreciable amount of cells and they are growing very rapidly, the cell number exponentially increases. The optical cell density of a culture can then be easily detected that phase is known as the exponential growth phase. The rate of cell synthesis sharply increases the linear increase is shown in the semi-log graph with a constant slope representing a constant rate of cell population. At this stage carbon sources are utilised and products are formed. Finally, rapid utilisation of substrate and accumulation of products may lead to stationary phase where the cell density remains constant. In this phase, cell may start to die as the cell growth rate balances the death rate. It is well known that the biocatalytic activities of the cell may gradually decrease as they age, and finally autolysis may take place. The dead cells and cell metabolites in the fermentation broth may create... 

COPISA [CO pressure induced selective adsorption] A process for separating carbon monoxide from the effluent gases from steel mills by a two-stage PSA unit. Developed jointly by Kawasaki Steel Corporation and Osaka Oxygen Industry. In the first stage, carbon dioxide is removed by activated carbon. In the second stage, carbon monoxide is removed by sodium mordenite. 

The sulphonyl chloride 23 is proposed as a protecting group for the Gabriel synthesis of secondary amines from primary amines. At the deprotecting stage, carbon-sulphur bond cleavage is achieved using zinc and acid as the electron source [109]. 

The ton container clean-out (TCC) system, neutralizers, and hydrolysate storage sections all produce small amounts of vent gas, totaling about 2.7 lbs/hr. In the cascade ventilation system, these gases are passed through two-stage carbon filters and are then exhausted to the atmosphere. A separate... 

Munoz-Guillena MJ, Illan-Gomez MJ, Martin-Martinez JM, Linares-Solano A et al (1992) Activated carbons from Spanish coals. 1. Two-stage carbon dioxide activation. Energy Fuels 6(1) 9-15... 

However, the interaction does not end after this stage. Carbon monoxide produced as a product of the decomposition reacts with nitrate ions, which lead to the formation of nitrite ions possessing appreciable basic properties in molten salts ... 

With rising temperature (110 to 130oC), the monofunctional CAA also begin to show a decline in concentration (Figure 1). This results in a fluid alkalinity that is dominated by bicarbonate, and late-stage carbonate dissolution may occur. Additionally, Fe-monofunctional CAA complexes will be destabilized at this time, leading to a pulse of Fe which may result in chlorite formation. 

Treatment conducted in separate stages. In first stage, carbon in con-... 

Extract with DCM. Concentrated and loaded onto a dual-stage carbon sorbent trap. SPED Extract with DCM or solid-phase extraction on two adsorbents (C8 and activated carbon), and elute with ethanol Extract with DCM. Wastewater (CLLE)... 

The entire salt-formation process due to evaporative concentration of brines on the surface is called halogenesis. Depending on the stage, carbonate, sulphate and chloride halogenesis are distinguished. Chemical sediments deposited on the surface as a result of halogenesis are called evaporites. They form rock sequences often with dolomites at the base and halite in the upper section. 

Tsai [109] has compared the performance of one- and two-stage carbonization furnaces, whilst Ko et al [110] and Tsai [111] have investigated two-stage carbonization. 

Tsai JS, Comparison of one-stage and 2-stage carbonized furnaces forcarbon-fiber, J Mater Sci Lett, 12(14), 1114-1116, 1993. 

Tsai JS. Relationship between two-stage carbonization speeds for polyacrylonitrile based carbon fibre, J Mater Sci Letters, 15(10), 835-836, 1996. 

Lime used in construction works is made from limestone (calcium carbonate) burned in a lime kiln to foim quicklime. The quicklime is added to water in a process known as slaking. The temi hydrated simply refers to any type of lime that has been slaked. After mixing with water, the mixture is hardened by a chemical process called carbonation as water evaporates and the lime reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. During each of these processes, the lime undergoes a chemical change but the final stage (carbonation) converts it back to calcium carbonate which is chemically and physically similar to the original limestone. 

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