Carbon cycle inverse

Wigley, T. M. L. (1991). A simple inverse carbon cycle model. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 5,373-382. 

Richardson, T. L., Jackson, G. A., Ducklow, H. W., and Roman, M. R. (2006). Spatial and seasonal patterns of carbon cycling through planktonic food webs of the Arabian Sea determined by inverse analysis. Deep Sea Res. II53, 555—575. 

Modeling the long-term carbon cycle shows strong relationships between the key parameters, atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide (inverse correlated) as well as carbon burial, which is correlated with oxygen (Berner 2003). The (calculated) range of the amounts is ... 

Pilot plant tests were made in a cyclic fixed fluidized bed unit over a range of conditions. Catalyst-to-oil ratio was varied from 3 to 5 and WHSV was varied from 32 to 53, inversely. The reactor temperature was held at 975°F for the cracking and steam stripping cycles, and at 1200°F for the regeneration cycles. After regeneration, carbon on catalyst was effectively zero. 

The (,P+ v) reactions are essentially instantaneous and so are much faster than the other reactions at the temperatures in low- and intermediate-mass stars. The fastest proton reaction in this series is 15N(p,a)12C, while the slowest reaction is 14N(p,y)150. As a result, extensive CN cycling converts much of the 15N, 12C, and 13C into 14N. In the CN cycle, 12C is destroyed more rapidly than 13C by about a factor of three. In the solar composition,12C is 89 times more abundant than 13C, so initially more 13C is produced from the destruction of 12C than is destroyed by proton reactions. The 12C/13C ratio decreases until it reaches an equilibrium value equal to the inverse of the reaction rates, where as much 13C is being destroyed as is being produced. From this point on the 12C/13C ratio remains the same as carbon is gradually converted to 14N. 

The concept and first examples of stereochemical reaction cycles were introduced by Walden in connection with his discovery of the Walden or optical inversion 2>. The cycle of Phillips and Kenyon 3> (Chart I) historically demonstrated that the reaction of bimolecular substitution at carbon proceeded with inversion of configuration. Chart I illustrates the generally recognized principle that when a cycle contains an odd number of reactions that go with inversion of configuration, two enantiomers must be included in the cycle. 

Chart I outlines the most quoted example of the Walden inversion cycle with carbon as the chiral center ... 

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