Carbon compounds families

In this equation a c stands for the sensivity of the observed carbon atom within a given parent compound family, and T),. is a reference shift. The R values are obtained by DARC/PELCO topological analysis (416). 

The pavine and isopavine alkaloids of the Papaveraceae have been discussed in Vols. 4, 10, 12, and 17 of this treatise (2-5), and only brief references have been made to occurrences outside this botanical family. Individual chapters have been devoted to the pavine and isopavine alkaloids in the two books by Shamma (6,7), covering developments until 1977, and also in Rodd s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds (8), published in 1978. A listing of naturally known pavines and isopavines up to 1975, with references to physical and spectral data, appeared in Kametani s Chemistry of the Isoquinoline Alkaloids 9,10). A more recent compilation by Gozler and co-workers 11) has covered references to mid-1982. Relevant literature has also been summarized regularly in Vols. I-XIII of Spe-... 

The active form of folic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), is produced from folate by dihydrofolate reductase in a two-step reaction requiring two moles of NADPH. The carbon unit carried by THF is bound to nitrogen N5 or N10, or to both N5 and N10. THF allows one-carbon compounds to be recognized and manipulated by biosynthetic enzymes. Figure 20.11 shows the structures of the various members of the THF family, and indicates the sources of the one-carbon units and the synthetic reactions in which the specific members participate. 

Outline of the biosynthesis of the 20 amino acids found in proteins. The de novo biosynthesis of amino acids starts with carbon compounds found in the central metabolic pathways. The central metabolic pathways are drawn in black, and the additional pathways are drawn in red. Some key intermediates are illustrated, and the number of steps in each pathway is indicated alongside the conversion arrow. All common amino acids are emphasized by boxes. Dashed arrows from pyruvate to both diaminopimelate and isoleucine reflect the fact that pyruvate contributes some of the side-chain carbon atoms for each of these amino acids. Note that lysine is unique in that two completely different pathways exist for its biosynthesis. The six amino acid families are screened. 

These initial studies were performed on isolated species from families which have distinct types of components. Systematic studies on biosynthesis by phylogenically related insects were not undertaken until the works by Roelofs and Brown (11) and Steck et al. (12) outlined the analogies in pheromones used by Tortricidae and Noctuidae respectively. The significant feature of these pheromones is that most of the Tortricinae use 14-carbon compounds with a double bond at the 11 position whereas the majority of identified compounds from noctuid moths have a double bond between the 5th and 6th carbons from the terminal methyl group (ie. 7-dodecenyl, 9-tetradecenyl, ll-hexadecenyl). 

The hydrogen carbonate XHCO3 family with X = Na, K, Rb, Cs is interesting in the context of both supramolecular engineering and HB studies, because it gives a series of ionic compounds with hydrogen-bonded dimers... 

The simplest of the carbon compounds, the hydrocarbons, or substances consisting of carbon and hydrogen only, form the framework of the classification, and are divided into families and groups, according to the relations of the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the structure of the molecule ... 

Because carbon compounds are so numerous, it is convenient to organize them into families that have structural similarities. The simplest class of organic compounds is the hydrocarbons, compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. The key structural feature of hydrocarbons (and of most other organic substances) is the presence of stable carbon—carbon bonds. Carbon is the only element capable of forming stable, extended chains of atoms bonded through single, double, or triple bonds. 

Families of Carbon Compounds Functional Groups, Intermolecular Forces, and Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy 55... 

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