Carbon Coke Diamond Graphite

It exists in two cryst forms diamond graphite and in various("amorphous ) forms, such as carbonblacks (acetylyne black, lampblack, etc) and charcoal. Soot Sc coke are impure amorphous carbon... 

The group 4A elements—C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb—exhibit the usual increase in metallic character down the group. Their most common oxidation state is +4, but the +2 state becomes increasingly more stable from Ge to Sn to Pb. In elemental form, carbon exists as diamond, graphite, fullerene, coke, charcoal, and carbon black. 

It is possible to manufacture the different allotropes of carbon. Diamond is made by heating graphite to about 300 °C at very high pressures. Diamond made by this method is known as industrial diamond. Graphite can be made by heating a mixture of coke and sand at a very high temperature in an electric arc furnace for about 24 hours. 

Amorphous carbon is a general term that covers non-crystalline forms of carbon such as coal, coke, charcoal, carbon black (soot), activated carbon, vitreous carbon, glassy carbon, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, and carbon onions, which are important materials and widely used in industry. The arrangements of the carbon atoms in amorphous carbon are different from those in diamond, graphite, and fullerenes, but the bond types of carbon atoms are the same as in these three crystalline allotropes. Most forms of amorphous carbon consist of graphite scraps in irregularly packing. 

Elementary carbon diamond, graphite, charcoal, coke, carbon black (lampblack). Carbon monoxide carbon dioxide sodium carbonate sodium hydrogen carbonate. 

In 1797 S. Tennant discovered that combustion of equal amounts of diamond and graphite liberates equal amounts of carbon dioxide in 1799 L. Guyton de Morveau confirmed that carbon is the only constituent of diamond, graphite, and coke. Twenty years later he succeeded in transforming diamond into graphite and then into carbon dioxide by careful heating. But the reverse transformation of graphite into... 

Carbon kar-bsM n. [F carbone, fr. L carbon-, carbo ember, charcoal] (1789) (1) A nonmetallic tetravalent element, atomic no. 6, atomic wt. 12.011 the major bioelement. It has two natural isotopes, C and (the former, set at 12.00000, being the standard for all molecular weights), and two artificial, radioactive isotopes of interest, C and C. The element occurs in three pure forms (diamond, graphite, and in the fullerines), in amorphous form (in charcoal, coke, and soot), and in the atmosphere as CO2. Its compounds are found in all living tissues, and the study of its vast number of compounds constitutes most of organic... 

In addition to graphite, diamond, and Cso, carbon exists in several "amorphous" forms. These include charcoal, soot, lampblack, and coke, some of which have important industrial uses. 

Elemental carbon has many important applications. The diamond is a precious gem, known to mankind for ages graphite is used as an electrode and has numerous other applications carbon-14 isotope is used in carbon dating and the isotope carbon-13 in tracer studies and NMR. Carbon black is used in paints, pigments and inks. Activated carbon is used as an adsorbent for purification of water and separation of gases. Coke is used for electrothermal reduction of metal oxides to their metals. These applications are discussed below in more detail. 

Allotropic forms of carbon. In the solid state, the element carbon exists in three different allotropic modifications—amorphous carbon and the two crystalline forms known as diamond and graphite. Amorphous carbon includes numerous common products such as wood charcoal, bone black, coke, lamp black, and carbon black. Each of these varieties of crystalline and amorphous carbon possesses properties that render it useful for a variety of purposes. 

Carbon exists in a number of allotropic forms. Allotropes are forms of an element with different physical and chemical properties. Two allotropes of carbon have crystalline structures diamond and graphite. In a crystalline material, atoms are arranged in a neat orderly pattern. Graphite is found in pencil lead and ball-bearing lubricants. Among the noncrystalline allotropes of carbon are coal, lampblack, charcoal, carbon black, and coke. Carbon black is similar to soot. Coke is nearly pure carbon formed when coal is heated in the absence of air. Carbon allotropes that lack crystalline structure are amorphous, or without crystalline shape. 

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