Carbon bloom

For increased solubiHty to prevent bloom, shorter-chain carboxyHc acids or zinc carboxylates can be substituted. The use of chain-branched carboxyHc acids reduces the tendency for the formulations to lose sulfur cross-links or revert upon prolonged heating (7). Translucent articles such as crepe soles can use a zinc carboxylate or employ zinc carbonate as a transparent zinc oxide. 

Straight-chain detergents don t work in hard water. Phosphates were added to detergents to soften the water, but phosphates are excellent fertilizer for algae in rivers and oceans. The algae blooms deplete the oxygen in the water, which in turn kills fish. Phosphates were replaced with other water softeners such as sodium carbonate and EDTA. 

Bloom Y, R Aravena, D Hunkeler, E Edwards, SK Frape (2000) Carbon isotope fractionation during microbial dechlorination of trichlorothene, cw-l,2-dichloroethene, and vinyl chloride implications for assessment of natural attenuation. Environ Sci Technol 34 2768-2772. 

Buesseler KO, Bacon MP, Cochran JK, Livingston HD (1992b) Carbon and nitrogen export during the JGOFS North Atlantic Bloom Experiment estimated from " Th U disequilibria. Deep-Sea Res I 39 1115-1137... 

Niven SEH, Kepkay PE, Boraie A (1995) Colloidal organic carbon and colloidal dynamics during a coastal phytoplankton bloom. Deep-Sea Res II 42 257-273 Nozaki Y, Thomson J, Turekian KK (1976) The distribution of Pb-210 and Po-210 in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. Earth Planet Sci Lett 32 304-312... 

Sayre, E. V., Harbottle, G., Stoenner, R. W., Washburn, W., Olin, S., Fitzhugh, W., The Carbon 14 Dating of ao Iron Bloom Associated with the Voyages of Sir Martin Frobisher, Chapter 22 in this book. 

The Carbon-14 Dating of an Iron Bloom Associated with the Voyages of Sir Martin Frobisher... 

Development of proportional counters to measure C14/C12 ratios in 10 mg carbon samples was undertaken in the Chemistry Department of Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1975 [10] for two reasons (1) at the time, there was no other possibility in sight to accomplish the generally much-needed objective of small-sample C14 measurement, and (2) there was a particular carbon 14 dating problem at the Smithsonian Institution, which would only be solved if very small carbon samples could be handled. The development and testing of the counters has already been reported [9] in the present paper we discuss the application of those counters to the actual dating problem which concerned the Smithsonian Institution, the dating of the "Frobisher iron bloom". 

Bloomery iron is characterized, however, by very low carbon content (Table 1) and if one wished to carry out a conventional carbon 14 dating, consumption of the entire 20 lb. bloom would have yielded only 4 or 5 grams of carbon, which is barely enough. For this reason, the Conservation-Analytical Laboratory of the Smithsonian Institution sponsored the development of the micro-scale dating procedures at Brookhaven Laboratory already referred to above [9,10]. 

Although we made no attempt to elucidate the mechanism of friction decreases in rubbers after surface fluorination, it seems to us that apart from the substitution of H atoms to F in the polymer macromolecule, which forms a fluoropolymer on the surface, there is another phenomenon that makes a significant contribution to the friction decreases, i.e., fluorination of carbon black, which is used in rubber recipes for reinforcement. It appears that when the carbon black in the surface of the rubber is fluorinated it produces a lubricating effect, followed by blooming on the surface of the treated rubber while it is under a friction load. So, in our opinion, two effects contribute to friction decrease of carbon-filled rubbers fluorination of the rubber macromolecules and fluorination of the carbon black rubbers that do not contain carbon black show a much smaller decrease in friction after XeF2 treatment. 

Grant KM, Dickens GR (2002) Coupled productivity and carbon isotope records in the southwest Pacific Ocean during the late Miocene-early Pliocene biogenic bloom. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoceanography 187 61-82... 

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