Carbohydrates labeling with

Competing with PET Carbohydrates Labeled with "mTc Organometallic Complexes... 

Momenbeik, R, Johns, C., Breadmore, M. C., Hilder, E. R, Macka, M., and Haddad, P. R., Sensitive determination of carbohydrates labelled with -nitroanUine by capillary electrophoresis with photometric detection using a 406 nm light-emitting diode. Electrophoresis, 2H, 4039, 2006. 

Our reviewer felt the molecule builder was easy to use. It is set up for organic molecules. Specialized building modes are available for peptides, nucleotides, and carbohydrates. It is also possible to impose constraints on the molecular geometry. Functions are accessed via a separate window with buttons labeled with abbreviated names. This layout is convenient to use, but not completely self-explanatory. The program is capable of good-quality rendering. At the time of this book s publication, a new three-dimensional graphic user interface called Maestro was under development. 

This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to formate and acetyl CoA and is a key enzyme in the anaerobic degradation of carbohydrates in some Enterobacteriaceae. Using an enzyme selectively C-labeled with glycine, it was shown by EPR that the reaction involves production of a free radical at C-2 of glycine (Wagner et al. 1992). This was confirmed by destruction of the radical with O2, and determination of part of the structure of the small protein that contained an oxalyl residue originating from gly-734. 

Fig. 6 Carbohydrates in hydrogenosomes. Monocercomonas sp. after the Thiery technique (a). The hydrogenosomal membranes are positive for carbohydrates, b T. foetus cryosection labeled with gold-conjugated WGA. Hydrogenosome (H) shows that the membrane lining the peripheral vesicle, but not other portions of the organelle, is labeled. Bars = 100 nm. (Fig. 6a from Diniz and Benchimol 1998 Fig. 6b from Benchimol et al. 1996a)...

Chemical Abstracts prefers the sugar terms, especially in the trivial forms however, in some instances, the bicyclo nomenclature is also applied. Surveying the whole original literature, preference is doubtless given to carbohydrate names with frequent use of the trivial isohexide terms, followed by the bridged-systems labeling. The fused systems names are not in vogue. 

Lectins, or proteins with specific binding sites for carbohydrates, can be used as targeting molecules to localize particular glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins or glycolipids on cell surfaces (Fig. 373). Labeled with gold particles, lectins are important probes for detection of cell surface components and intracellular receptors and in immunological or biochemical assay procedures (Bog-Hansen et al., 1978 Kimura et al., 1979 Nicolson, 1978 Roth, 1983 Benhamou et al., 1988 Nakajima et al., 1988). 

The total yield of 201 was increased and the synthesis time reduced by extracting [nC]butyric acid from its lithium salt by dry 0.1% HCl/He gas mixture and carrying out its pyrolysis at 530 °C over glass beads (equation 104). The relative reactivity of 201 to primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols (equation 105a, b, c) has been found to be as 1 0.4 0.1, respectively. Several bioactive compounds have been labelled with [nC]propyl ketene, such as carbohydrate compounds193 and IV-butyl compounds, for instance /V- 11 C]butyryl THPO, 202, and some phorbol esters192, 203, 204 and 205. 

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the three pairs of polypeptide chains of fibrinogen. The Aa, B/3, and 7 chains are represented by bars with lengths proportional to the number of amino acid residues in each chain and the N- and C-terminal ends of the chains are labeled. The coiled-coil regions are indicated by the diagonally striped boxes, while the intra- and interchain disulfide bonds are indicated by solid lines. Carbohydrate attachment sites are labeled with CHO, while thrombin and major plasmin cleavage sites are indicated by T and P, respectively. (Adapted from Fig. 12-1 of Hantgan et al., 2000.)...

Gangliosides were labelled with galactose. In the fetal cell lines (FHS) and SKCO-1 there was no marked difference between treated and untreated cells. In HT-29, SW-480, and Sw-620 cell lines, the amounts of Gm3 appeared to remain the same, but the distribution of Gm3 components was affected by butyrate. These changes, might be due to alterations in the lipid moieties or, alternatively, there might be an acetylation Of a hydroxyl group in the carbohydrate moiety, since it has been shown that the butyrate increases the amount of acetylated histones. 

Citric acid, II, 148 III, 238, 242, 248 Iahelled with C11, III, 238 labelled with isotopic C, III, 241 from molasses, IV, 336 from sucrose, IV, 322, 324 Citric acid cycle, in carbohydrate oxidation, III, 238... 

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