Carbohydrate-based adhesives

Carbohydrate-based adhesives, in which the formulation begins with the carbohydrate, have been reported (130), but the acid system used during formulation readily degrades the original carbohydrate to furan intermediates that... 

Comparative adhesion of B16 cells based on integrin-dependent, lectin-dependent, and carbohydrate-carbohydrate mechanisms, under dynamic flow conditions, is illustrated schematically in Figure 5. At certain shear stress values, carbohydrate-based adhesion is much stronger than integrin-dependent adhesion. 

Although studies on potato structure had been carried out previously using conventional SEM, van Marie et al [70] used cryo-SEM to advantage in this high moisture material. The fracture planes of cooked and uncooked samples were used to help characterize cell wall adhesion in the four potato cultivars. In particular, differences in cell wall contact area and surface detail were used to explain the mealy versus firm textural attributes in the cultivars. By determining the parameters which contributed to the texture of potatoes, processing conditions and selection of suitable raw materials could be facilitated. Such information would be difficult to obtain with conventional, chemically fixed material due to the high moisture content and the inability of standard chemical fixation to retain carbohydrate-based structures. 

This section presents the main applications of GNPs in carbohydrate-based interaction studies carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, carbohydrate-protein interactions, adhesion processes, and cellular and molecular imaging. 

With respect to the use of biobased sources, adhesive products have been ahead of plastics. They are often called natural adhesives. Animal- and plant-based adhesives have been used for thousands of years. Three prominent classes of natural adhesives include proteins (polyamides), carbohydrates (polysaccharides), and natural rubber (mainly cw-polyisoprene). Three specific examples are starch, a carbohydrate gelatin, a protein and rubber cement made from natural rubber. Advantages of biobased adhesives include recyclability and environmental safety. The latter is an important consideration because of presence of solvents and hazardous ingredients in some synthetic adhesives. 

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