Capillar electrophoresis

Camtlleri P. Capillars- Electrophoresis Theory and Practice. 2nd Edition. C RC Press. LLC.. Boca Raton. FL. 1997. 

In parallel the chemical analysis of the water from the sites of C. demersum growth was made to ensure the proper interpretation of the element composition and IR spectra of the aquatic plants from industrial regions. Chemical analysis was performed with the aid of a spectrofluorimeter Fluorat-02-Panorama and capillar electrophoresis system Kapel-105 (Lumex). Determination of the contents of inorganic anions, surfactants, petroleum products, and phenols in water was made in accordance with standard methods described in [11-14]. 

L. Krivankova, P. Bocek, in M. G. Khaledi (ed.) Hi h Performance Capillars Electrophoresis. John Wiley Sons. New York 1998, pp. 251-275. 

Zone electrophoresis is influenced by adsorption and capillarity, as well as by electroosmosis. Therefore evaluation of mobility (and f) from this type of measurement is considerably more complex than from either microelectrophoresis or moving-boundary electrophoresis. Nevertheless, zone electrophoresis is an important technique that is widely used in biochemistry and clinical chemistry. One particularly important area of application is the field of immunoelectrophoresis, which is described briefly in Section 12.11. Additional information on zone electrophoresis may be obtained from Probstein (1994) and Hunter (1981) and the references given there. Variants of zone electrophoresis also exist see, for example, Gordon et al. (1988) for information on a variant known as capillary zone electrophoresis and Righetti (1983) for information on what is known as isoelectric focusing. 

Two kinds of conductivity detector are distinguished contact detectors and contactless detectors. Both types were originally developed for isotachophoresis in 0.2-0.5-mm-inner diameter (i.d.) PTFE tubes. Contactless detectors are based on the measurement of high-frequency cell resistance and, as such, inversely proportional to the conductivity. The advantage is that electrodes do not make contact with the buffer solution and are, therefore, outside the electric field. As these types of detectors are difficult to miniaturize down to the usual 50-75-jU.m capillar inner diameter, their actual application in capillary electrophoresis (CE) is limited. 

Various papers related to the simultaneous determination of creatinine and uric acid can be found in the hterature. Several authors have developed capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) methods for simultaneous analysis of these compounds in urine. The CE analysis of these renal markers offers some advantages when compared with chromatography, such as shortened separation time, reduced reagent consumption, and increased resolution. Capillar micellar electrokinetic chromatography has been applied to the simultaneous separation of creatinine and uric acid in human plasma and urine. However, chromatographic techniques are widely accepted for the determination of these compounds. Reversed-phase and ion... 

The gels used for electrophoresis (agarose, polyacrylamide) are often unsuitable for fiuther stu of the resolved substances, whereas the replica (or blot) can be submitted to a variety of analytical procedures For example, extremely small quantities of DNA can be located by hybridization with radioactive RNA, and proteins can be located and identified with antibodies In the original method of Southern, the nitrocellulose membrane is layered on top of the gel (DNA is first denatured by immersion of the gel in buffered ethidium bromide), followed by moist filter paper and then by several layers of dry filter paper. DNA fragments move from the gel by capillarity and are trapped in the nitrocellulose. For the replication of protein separations, zones may be transferred to nitrocellulose, or to diazobenzyloxymethyl (DBM) paper or diazophenylthioether (DPT) paper. Transfers can be performed more rapi y by electrophoresing the zones from the gel into the receiving layer the replica is then called an electioblot or blitz blot. 

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