Capacity/volume ratio

The electrolyte is not consumed in the reaction, so that little is necessary. The capacity-volume ratio of the cell is therefore high, and it can be made in very small sizes for deaf aids, etc. The cell has other advantages the voltage (1.35 V) is very stable, and it can give high currents without loss in performance its storage life is also high. In some miniature cells, cadmium replaces zinc as anode. 

Samples, assuming they do not need to be ground, are at a minimum sieved through a number 10 sieve that has openings of 2 mm. This is done because the upper limit of sand, for consideration as part of soil, is 2 mm in average diameter. Components larger than this have a relatively low surface-to-volume ratio and very little sorptive capacity. Sieved samples can be further mixed and then divided into subsamples. 

Since sorption is primarily a surface phenomenon, its activity is a direct function of the surface area of the solid as well as the electrical forces active on that surface. Most organic chemicals are nonionic and therefore associate more readily with organic rather than with mineral particles in soils. Dispersed organic carbon found in soils has a very high surface-to-volume ratio. A small percentage of organic carbon can have a larger adsorptive capacity than the total of the mineral components. 

Various liquid chromatographic techniques have been frequently employed for the purification of commercial dyes for theoretical studies or for the exact determination of their toxicity and environmental pollution capacity. Thus, several sulphonated azo dyes were purified by using reversed-phase preparative HPLC. The chemical strctures, colour index names and numbers, and molecular masses of the sulphonated azo dyes included in the experiments are listed in Fig. 3.114. In order to determine the non-sulphonated azo dyes impurities, commercial dye samples were extracted with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Colourization of the organic phase indicated impurities. TLC carried out on silica and ODS stationary phases was also applied to control impurities. Mobile phases were composed of methanol, chloroform, acetone, ACN, 2-propanol, water and 0.1 M sodium sulphate depending on the type of stationary phase. Two ODS columns were employed for the analytical separation of dyes. The parameters of the columns were 150 X 3.9 mm i.d. particle size 4 /jm and 250 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 //m. Mobile phases consisted of methanol and 0.05 M aqueous ammonium acetate in various volume ratios. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/min and dyes were detected at 254 nm. Preparative separations were carried out in an ODS column (250 X 21.2 mm i.d.) using a flow rate of 13.5 ml/min. The composition of the mobile phases employed for the analytical and preparative separation of dyes is compiled in Table 3.33. 

After an extensive review of possible new materials, the team found a material that had a surface-to-volume ratio closer to 1000 M /M and a void volume up to 98%. A hydrophilic coating could be grafted to its surface to provide a reservoir capacity to release nutrients in a controlled manner. Lastly, the hydrophilic coating could be copolymerized with certain bioactive polymers and ligands that improve cell adhesion dramatically. 

Cooling capacity Poor, especially for large volume reactors Poor, but feed allows decreasing adaptation to requirement Poor, but convective cooling increases capacity significantly High due to large surface/volume ratio... 

Partition coefficient, 9, 10 Partition ratio, 11 time optimization of, 57-58 Peak, definition of, 69 Peak capacity, 18, 19 Pellicular supports, 157 Permeability, 63-64 Phase selection diagrams, 218-219 Phase volume ratio, 11 Pinkerton (ISRP) columns, 225-226 Plate height, 17 Plate number, 14-16 Plate theory, 3, 28 Polarity index, 210, 211 Pore size of LC supports, 157 Porosity, 27 Precision, 99-100 Preparative scale ... 

The objective of this phase was to determine whether the decreased surface-to-volume ratio in an industrial unit would reduce the partial pyrolysis of the fuel and result in lower PNA emissions than observed from the smaller laboratory boiler. A test of PNA emissions was, therefore, conducted at the Exxon U.S.A. terminal in Charleston, South Carolina. The boiler available at this site was a Cleaver Brooks Model DL-68 water tube unit rated at a maximum capacity of 50,000 lb/hr. of steam at 185 psig. This is roughly equivalent to 1425 hp, or a scaleup of approximately 30 from the laboratory boilers. The conventional fuel used in this unit was RSFO with a maximum feed rate of 24.6 > /min. or 22.7 kg/min. The boiler was installed in August, 1978, and is used to raise steam for the terminal operations with heavy fuel oil products. 

Ruben cell — This is a zinc-mercuric oxide alkaline cell, more commonly called a mercury -> battery, a type of primary (nonrechargeable) cell, developed by Samuel Ruben during World War II in response to a requirement for batteries with a high capacity-to-volume ratio which would withstand storage under tropical conditions. It was licensed to the RR. Mallory Co., which... 

---