Calorizing, definition

Eor the purpose of assessing the remaining interspecies uncertainty, Vermeire et al. (1999) collected and analyzed data for 184 chemicals tested in different species and via different exposure routes. NOAELs were selected from studies with mice, rats, and dogs exposed to the same chemical via the same exposure route and with the same duration of exposure. Two categories of exposure duration were defined, subacute and (sub)chronic, in order to increase the comparability of the different studies. The definition of these exposure categories is species specific, partly depending on their maximum lifetime. Subacute exposure was defined as 21-50 days for the mouse and rat, and as 28-90 days for the dog (sub)chronic exposure was defined as 90-730 days for the mouse and rat, and as 365-730 days for the dog. The oral NOAELs were adjusted to account for differences in metabolic size, i.e., by the caloric requirement approach (Section 5.3.2.3). 

It appears from this table that when the simp has reached 248°, although wateT continues to be given off, yet the temperature sinks to 234 5°, after which it again rises. If there be no error in tho observation, this 1b probably due to the formation of a definite hydrate of sugar, which requires a higher temperature for its decomposition j but that decomposition being once determined, the water expelled tokos up the caloric as latent heat in its conversion into steam, thus depressing the temperature of the sirup. 

But it was not until J. P. Joule published a definitive paper in 1847 that the caloric idea was abandoned. Joule conclusively showed that heat was a form of energy. As a result of the experiments of Rumford, Joule, and others, it was demonstrated (explicitly stated by Helmholtz in 1847), that the various forms of energy can be transformed one into another. 

The value (3.6), while appreciable compared with the values of Table XVI-1, which are of the order of magnitude of two or more calorics per degree, is definitely less, so much less that it cannot possibly account for the whole entropy of fusion. Let us see what value of a we should have to take to get the whole entropy of fusion from this term. If we set a — 1, for instance, we have... 

Closure of such differential equations requires the definitions of both constitutive relations for hydrodynamical functions and also kinetic relations for the chemistry. These functions are specified by recourse both to theoretical considerations and to rheological measurements of fluidization. We introduce the ideal gas approximation to specify the gas phase pressure and a caloric equation-of-state to relate the gas phase internal energy to both the temperature and the gas phase composition. It is assumed that the gas and solid phases are in local thermodynamic equilibrium so that they have the same local temperature. 

Figure 5 Caloric summer half-year insolation following Milankovitch s definition plotted for the latitudes of 40° N, 60° N, and 80° N. Caloric half-years are periods of equal duration where each day of the summer half-year receives more insolation than any day of the winter half-year.

The term denotes the caloric state of the feed according to the definition... 

It should be clearly pointed out that there is no absolute value for the specific caloric quantities u, h, s, a, and g. Therefore, single values for caloric properties without the definition of a reference point are meaningless only differences between caloric properties can be interpreted. Any table for caloric properties should have defined a reference point where the particular caloric property is set to... 

The maximum stress intensities acting on particles during ultrasonication are considered for energy and for force quantities. Some authors estimated the specific rate of dissipation (power density) based on caloric data, which yielded values in the range of 10 -10" kW/m (Pohl et al. 2004) to 10 kW/m (Kuntzsch 2004, p. 100). The problem here is the definition of the dispersion zone, i.e. the volume where the ultrasonic field significantly contributes to deagglomeration. This zone... 

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