Calorimetric methods, and

The chemical potential difference —ju may be resolved into its heat and entropy components in either of two ways the partial molar heat of dilution may be measured directly by calorimetric methods and the entropy of dilution calculated from the relationship A i = (AHi —AFi)/T where AFi=/xi —/x or the temperature coefficient of the activity (hence the temperature coefficient of the chemical potential) may be determined, and from it the heat and entropy of dilution can be calculated using the standard relationships... 

This is another example of the application of thermogravimetry for determination of equilibrium temperatures in dissociation studies. This also enables one to calculate the heat of dissociation from the linear relation between log of dissociation pressure and 1/T. Determination of the specific heat by means of DTA was used afterwards for conversion of the heat of dissociation into the standard values of formation at 298 °K. Ba02 was chosen for these investigation56 because it has been investigated in the past by calorimetric methods and therefore gives a possibility for comparing those values obtained from static methods with those obtained from values from dynamic methods. 

It must be realized that because of kinetic limitations, most half-cells that can be written cannot be the basis of a practical cell which will display the appropriate emf. It has however proved convenient to include such halfequations in tables of redox potentials if their emf could be evaluated in some other way. In a large number of cases electrochemical data are not used at all. Rather, partial molar heats and entropies of the species involved are determined by calorimetric methods and these are used to derive AG°for the cell reactions. ceii values can then be calculated. 

Calorimetric methods and ionization chambers were used for calibration... 

Pollitzer found a difference which led him to suppose that, since the heat of formation of calomel is very reliable, Thomsen s value for the heat of formation of lead chloride (82,700) must be several thousand calories too small. Thereupon Koref and Braune (986) redetermined the value, using a very accurate calorimetric method, and found, as a matter of fact, the figure 85,570, which is higher by 2870. Pollitzer s suggestion, put forward on what were certainly very sound grounds, was therefore completely justified, and the criticisms directed against it by E. Cohen have proved to be unfounded (cf. paper 986, p. 196). 

The elemental composition of the raw peat and solid product was determined using an elemental analyzer (Yanaco CHN Corder MT-5 and MT-6). Additionally, proximate analysis (based on JIS M 8812) total sulfur analysis (based on JIS M 8819) and calorific analysis (based on JIS M 8814) were conducted separately. The gross calorific value (CV) was measured using the bomb calorimetric method and the effective calorific value (ECV) of the sample at a constant pressure was determined based on JIS M 8814, which is followed by ISO 1928. The equilibrium moisture content of the dried solid product was further analyzed while maintaining their moisture contents according to JIS M 8811. Briefly, an aliquot of the sample was placed inside a desiccator containing saturated salt solution and then measured rapidly using a moisture content analyzer (Sartorius MA 150). 

Japanese Industrial Standards Committee. JIS M 8814. (2003). Coal and coke. Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method, and calculation of net calorific value. Japanese Standards Association. Tokyo... 

There are two methods of calculating the entropy of a pure substance. One is referred to as the experimental method (sometimes referred to as the calorimetrical method), and the other is referred to as the theoretical, or the spectroscopic, method. 

To discover the origin of the departures, Boissonas determined the heats of solution of these systems by a direct calorimetric method and... 

ISO 1928 (2009) Solid Mineral Fuels -Determination of Gross Calorific Value by the Bomb Calorimetric Method and Calculation of Net Calorific Value, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. 

The values of the specific heat capacities are found by two different kinds of experimental methods calorimetric methods and spectroscopic techniques. 

The accuracies obtained (better than 1%) exceed those of many other calorimetric methods and are definitely superior to the ordinary drop calorimeter for the determination of heat capacities and enthalpies of transformation and fusion. 

The enthalpies and entropies of formation of intermetallic compounds of Al, Ga, In and T1 with rare earths and actinides are reported in tables 33-36. Values of partial and integral enthalpies of mixing in Al, Ga and In based alloys have been obtained using calorimetric methods, and are reported in tables 37-39. 

In 1993 and 1994 several experimental determinations of enthalpies of formation of rare-earth based intermetallic compounds have been published. These determinations have been performed using calorimetric methods and they concern systems where the data are very scarce. We briefly outline this information here. 

Basically, the methods consist of a variety of calorimetric methods and a few non-calorimetric methods. In calorimetry the following methods are nsed adiabatic, isoperibol, isothermal, heat condnction, drop and differential scanning calorimeters, and differential thermal analysis. Cryoscopic, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of solution methods are considered to be non-calorimetric methods. 

The adsorption of rare gases has been extensively studied experimentally using thermodynamic and calorimetric methods and also scattering and diffraction methods. Nevertheless, the large number of results have not always been interpreted in the same way, and serious discrepancies are to be found, especially in the study of phase transitions. 

From a purely analytical standpoint, the experimental determination of a (or several) concentration(s) (first stage) is achieved with instrumental methods of analysis such as UV-visible spectrophotometry, varied electrochemical methods, calorimetric methods, and so forth. For example, one electrode may be sensitive to the metal that is complexed. Hence, potentiometry is recommended. 

As evident in the preceding discussions on the metal and metal oxide catalysts, the heat of adsorption plays a key role in characterizing a catalyst. The heat of adsorption can also be used to gain an understanding of the nature of catalytic reactions. Three different experimental methods can be used for the determination of heats of adsorption adsorption experiments (isotherms), the calorimetric method, and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). In the first method, the adsorption isotherms obtained at different temperatures are used. The values of d In P/dT at constant v (volume of gas adsorbed) are calculated as a function of v through... 

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