Calorie numerical value

Langmuir-Blodgett layers 392,394 Large calorie, numerical value of 283 Lateral phase separation 395 Lathyrism 438 Lavoisier 281 Lead 31... 

The values of daily rations are not identical when based on different equivalents. In anchovy, the smallest values were obtained on the basis of fresh matter, greater when converted to dry matter and protein, and maximal when calorie contents were considered. A similar picture emerged from studies on other species. The numerical values of the daily ration dropped as the age of... 

Other numerical values are exact by definition. For example, the atomic mass scale was established by fixing the mass of one atom of 12C as 12.000 Ou. As many more zeros could be added as desired. Other examples include the definition of the inch (1 in = 2.5400 cm) and the calorie (1 cal = 4.184 00 J). 

Interaction of the noble gas atom with condensed matter is considerably more complicated and is usually approximate simply by summing or integrating potentials pairwise. Such treatments are necessarily crude nevertheless, they allow an appraisal of the general features of an interaction and often provide realistic numerical values as well. Young and Crowell (1962), for example, review theoretical treatments of noble gas adsorption along these lines predicted potentials for adsorption on various forms of carbon, to consider one example, range from a few hundred calories per mole for He to a few kilocalories per mole for Xe, in reasonable agreement with observed heats of adsorption. 

Thus the numerical value of Q diminishes by 2,200 calories between 260° and 571° C., and the temperature coefficient a in the equation... 

The calculated numerical values of the heat-capacity constants are A a = 3.894, A b = —0.01225, Ac = 0.7381 x 10-5, and Ad = —1.4287 x 10-9. Therefore, after arithmetic partial simplification, the equation becomes (with the answer emerging in calories per gram-mole)... 

In reporting the calorific value of fuels it is customary to use the British thermal unit (B.T.U.) instead of the calorie as the unit of heat. The British thermal unit is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit. Since a pound is 453 g, and 1 degree F is 4/9 degrees C, the British thermal unit is equal to 4/9 X 453 = 252 cal. The calorific value of a fuel expressed in B.T.U. per pound of fuel has a numerical value 9/4 as great as that expressed in calories per gram. 

Ibf) force to accelerate l(lbm) by 32.1740 (ft) s" atm = standard atmospheric pressure = 101 325 Pa (psia) E pounds force per square inch absolute pressure torr = pressure exerted by 1 mm mercury at 273.15 K (0°C) and standard gravity (cal) = thermochemical calorie (Btu) s international steam table British thermal unit (lb mole) s mass in pounds mass with numerical value equal to the molar mass (R) - absolute temperature in Rankines... 

Because of the definition of the calorie or Btu, the heat capacity can be expressed in certain different systems of units and still have the same numerical value for example, heat capacity may be expressed in the units of... 

R being given the correct numerical value for 1 gram, te R = 1 9 calories per... 

A being an energy or work term should be represented in electrical terms by the product of volts x quantity of current In the above cases i faraday is supposed to have passed through the cell corresponding to i gram equivalent of the reacting metals This is assumed in the numerical values quoted Qo is first obtained in calories and then converted into volt-faradays... 

The basic problem is that the thermal units and the mechanical units were different at this time. We do not use the old units, but restrict to the MKS system for the mechanical units and to calories and Kelvin for the thermal units. In the experiment, all the numerical values are known. Say a weight of 1 kg was used that fell down 1 m and 1 kg of water was used. An increase of temperature of 2.34 mK was observed. Note that in fact Joule used a much more heavy machinery, probably a very expensive device at this time. We insert now the numbers in the equation ... 

The term R in foe ideal-gas equation is called foe gas constant. The value and units of R depend on foe units of P, V, n, and T. Temperature must always be expressed as an absolute temperature. The quantity of gas, n, is normally expressed in moles. The units chosen for pressure and volume are most often atm and liters, respectively. However, ofoer units can be used. In most cormtries other foan foe United States, the SI unit of Pa (or kPa) is most commonly employed. Table 10.2 shows foe numerical value for R in various units. As we saw in foe "Closer Look" box on P-V work in Section 5.3, foe product PV has foe units of energy. Therefore, foe units of R can include joules or calories. In working problems with foe ideal-gas equation, foe units of P, V, n, and T must agree wifo foe units in foe gas constant. In this chapter we will most often use foe value R = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K (four significant figures) or 0.0821 L-atm/mol-K (three significant figures) whenever we use foe ideal-gas equation, consistent wifo foe units of atm for pressure. Use of foe value R = 8.314 J/mol-K, consistent wifo foe units of Pa for pressure, is also very common. 

Entropy is measured in units of joules per kelvin (or °C) or calories per K, the latter sometimes being abbreviated as e. u. (entropy units). Since the melting of ice at 0°C is a reversible process, the second law asserts that the entropy of the surroundings decreases by the same amount that the entropy of the water increases. The value of T AS is numerically equal to the heat of fusion, 6.008 kj mol1 in the case of water at 0°C. Thus, the entropy increase in the ice as it melts at 0°C is 6.008 x 103 J/273.16 K = 22.0 J K1. 

If, instead of the gramme-metre, the unit of work taken is. the erg, which is 98100 times smaller, ihe numerator of equation (2) is represented by a number 98100 times greater the value of the denominator does not change if the small calorie is kept as the heat-imit the new value of the mechanical equivalent is then... 

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