California earthquakes

Bottle Storage. These are stacks of individual bottles, Figure 2, bottles in wooden pallet bins, and bottles in cartons. Stacks of individual bottles are the classic method of storage, but only a few California wineries use it now. The bottles are brought from the bottling room and are hand stacked, bottle by bottle. There are two types of stacks, on slats or between bulkheads. These stacks are up to 36 or more bottles wide, 20-45 bottles high, and many tiers deep. Tens of thousands of bottles are often in one stack. It is remarkable how steady these stacks are, even in our famous California earthquakes. This is a labor-intensive method, as one person can stack only about 2000 bottles in a day. 

Three types of EHS system resources are critical to responding to any sort of MCI facilities, personnel, and materials. Health facilities serve as the location for patient care and shelter. These facilities require specialized resources for decontamination, isolation, and medical and surgical treatment. However, these facilities are not immune to being impacted by disasters. As seen in the California earthquakes and Florida hurricanes, disasters can affect those facilities, making the health facility both a victim and responder. Also, health facilities can be contaminated, further limiting access. Planners must consider the likelihood and potential impact of the degradation or loss of health facilities in any disaster plan and consider alternate facilities to render care (Aghababian, Lews, Cans, Curley, 1994 Chavez Binder, 1996). 

T]he American public needs to imderstand that medical professionals need to look at something new and learn about it. But that really has little to do with whether we are going to live in fear. I grew up in California. Earthquakes are unpredictable. They can kill people. People still live in California. Midwest, tornadoes. Southeast, hurricanes. (Daybreak, 2001)... 

Earth scientists have played significant roles in helping the medical community understand some important links between earth materials and human health, such as the role of asbestos mineralogy in disease (Skinner et al, 1988 Ross, 1999 Holland and Smith, 2001), and the role of dusts generated by the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake in an outbreak of Valley Fever (Jibson et al., 1998 Schneider ef fll., 1997). 

Reimer, G.M., 1981. Helium soil-gas variations associated with recent central California earthquakes precursor or coincidence. Geophys. Res. Lett., 8 433-435. 

Fig. 14.9. Earthquakes before and after a mainshock (a) the M7 Landers (California) earthquake (b) M7 earthquake in the basic version of the model.

H.F. Reid The Mechanics of the Earthquake, The California Earthquake of April 18, 1906, Report of the State Investigation Commission, Vol.2 (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C., 1910)... 

Obviously, if the equipment is to be erected in Southern California, earthquakes may be a major concern, whereas on the U.S. Gulf Coast wind velocities are a major problem. In other areas, the designer may request information from local weather authorities to determine in advance the expected controlling factor in the design. In practice, one calculated risk is usually taken since the vessel is not designed to withstand a simultaneous earthquake and maximum wind load, with the maximum stresses from both loads additive. 

Yerkes, R.F. 1973. Effects of the San Fernando earthquake as related to geology, San Fernando, California, Earthquake of February 9,1971, Vol. 3, U.S. Department of Commerce Report, Washington, DC, pp. 137-154. 

II25] Joyner, W. B. and Boore, D. M. Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong-motion records including records from the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 71(6) (1981), 2011-2038. 

Ron DeLorenzo, "California Earthquakes Predicting the Next Big One Using Radiocarbon Dating," j. Chem. Educ., Vol. 57, 1980, 601. 

The incoming wave directions in the four events are roughly from southwest for the northern California earthquake, from west for the two Kuril Islands earthquakes, and from south for the Peru earthquake. The simulated response curves for these incoming wave directions superimposed with the observed resonant waves corresponding to those events are plotted in Fig. 25.8. The results indicate that the actual resonant periods are very close to those computed, especially the fundamental mode at 22 min. 

Tide gauge data in three earthquake events (northern California earthquake on June 15, 2005, Kuril Islands earthquakes on November 15, 2006 and January 13,... 

To estimate seismic hazard, one applies the theorem of total probability to combine the uncertain shaking at the site caused by a particular fault rupture and the occurrence frequency or probability of that rupture. Earth scientists create models called earthquake rupture forecasts that specify the locations and rates at which various fault produce earthquakes of various sizes, e.g., the Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast version 2 (UCERF2, Field et al. 2007). The uncertain shaking given a fault rupture is quantified using a relationship variously called an attenuation relationship or a ground-motion prediction equation, such as the next-generation attenuation (NGA) relationships presented in the... 

Atkinson and Kaka s (2007) relationships, shown in Eqs. 31 and 32, employ smaller dataset of California observations than Worden et al. (2012), but they reflect data from central and eastern and US observations. There are 986 observations 710 from 21 California earthquakes, M = 3.5-7.1, R = 4-445 km, MMI = II-IX, and 276 central and eastern US observations from 29 earthquakes M = 1.8. 6 R = 18-799 km. They include regression for Sa (0.3 s, 5 %), Sa(1.0 s, 5 %), Sa(3.0 s, 5 %), PGA, and PGV. Equation 32 accounts for the apparent effects of magnitude M and distance R. As suggested by the difference between the columns for residual standard deviation, the information added by M and R only modestly reduces uncertainty. The Atkinson and Kaka (2007) relationships are not bidirectional, meaning that one cannot rearrange them to estimate ground motion as a function of MMI. 

Ayres JM, Sun TY (1973) Nonstructural damage. In The San Fernando, California earthquake of February 9, 1971. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC... 

Hartzell SH, Heatrai TH (1983) Inversion of strong ground motion and teleseismic wavefrmn data for the fault rupture history of the 1979 hnptaial Valley, California, earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 73(4) 1161-1171 Hudson JA, Pearce RG, RogCTs RM (1989) Source type plot for inversion of the moment tensOTS. J Geophys Res 94 765-774... 

Oppenheimer D et al (1993) The Cape Mendocino, California earthquake of April 1992 subduction at the triple junction. Science 261 433-438... 

California (USA) 1996 California Earthquake Authority (CEA) Provides direct insurance fin earthquake residential exposures, participation of insurers and reinsurers is voluntary... 

Since the study by Nishenko and Buland (1987), it has become common practice to use the lognormal distribution in several applications in seismology. One of the most relevant was in computing earthquake probabilities in California (Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities 2007 and previous works) and for time-dependent seismic hazard analysis (e.g., Cramer et al. 2000). 

Reid HF (1910) On mass-movements in tectonic earthquakes. In The California earthquake of April 18, 1906 report of the state earthquake investigation commission. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC... 

Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 2007, Uniform California earthquake rupture forecast, USGS open-file report 2007-1437... 

Boore DM, Stephens C, Joyner WB (2002) Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data examples from the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 92(4) 1543-1560... 

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