Lake, caldera

The most significant deposits are in southern Nevada, in the Lake Mead area, and in the McDermitt caldera complex on the Nevada—Oregon border. In the McDermitt caldera, lithium probably originated from volcanic sedimentary rocks deposited in the caldera moat. There is evidence that areas of the caldera were hydrothermically active contributing to enrichment of lithium (14). This and other similar deposits are not economically viable as of this writing. These deposits do represent a significant lithium reserve, however, whenever large expansion in demand occurs. 

The SSI (solid-state imaging) camera on board the Galileo spacecraft transmitted impressive high-resolution pictures of Io s volcanic activity. Active lava lakes, lava curtains , calderas, mountains and plateaus can be seen (McEwen et al., 2000). The Hubble telescope detected both S2 gas and SO2 in a SO2 to S2 ratio of 1 4 in the smoke trail of the volcano Pele. This value suggests an equilibrium between silicate magmas in the neighbourhood of the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer (see Sect. 7.2.2). 

Holk, G.J., Taylor, B.E., Galley, A.G. 2008. Oxygen isotope mapping of the Archean Sturgeon Lake caldera complex and VMS-related hydrothermal system. Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Mineral. Dep., 43, 623-640. 

Vulsini 0.6 to 0.15 - Several multicentre volcanic complexes with calderas, developed around the volcano-tectonic depression of the Bolsena Lake. Dominant pyroclastic fall deposits and ig-nimbrites and minor lavas, showing KS (trachybasalt to trachyte) and HKS (leucitite and leucite tephrite to pho-nolite) compositions. Minor melilitite. 

Average of three gas samples from the Nemrut Caldera that were not discussed by Kipfer et al. (1994). Value taken from the nearby Lake Nemrut. 

The summit of Mt. Erebus in Fig. 16.18 consists of a caldera at about 3,200 m which has filled with volcanic rocks composed of anorthoclase phonolite (Kyle 1977, 1990b). The active cone, which is located within this former caldera, contains the Main Crater which is elliptical in shape (500 x 600 m) and about 110 m deep. The Main Crater contains the Inner Crater which has a diameter of about 250 and is 100 m deep. The Inner Crater in Fig. 16.19 contains a lake composed of continuously... 

Lapilli near Crater Lake caldera, Oregon. 

---