Calcium sulfate coatings

Several organic acids known as plant growth regulators—cinnamic, naphtaleneacetic, P-naph-toxy acetic, phenoxyacetic, salicylic, tartaric acids, and lAA—were separated on barium sulfate-calcium sulfate coatings. Several solvents were applied in order to investigate their separation potential, and the sequence chloroform > ethyl acetate > distilled water > propanol > carbon tetrachloride was observed. 

Paints and coatings for automobiles have not been immune to damage by air polluhon. Wolff and co-workers (13) found that damage to automobile finishes was the result of scarring by calcium sulfate crystals formed when sulfuric acid in rain or dew reacted with dry deposited calcium. 

The moist cells were suspended in 750 parts of volume of ethanol and extracted by warming at 60°C for 1 hour. A total of 3 extractions were carried out in a similar manner and the extracts were pooled, diluted with water and further extracted three times with 1,000 parts of volume portions of n-hexane. The n-hexane layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to recover 4.12 parts of a yellow oil. This oily residue was dissolved in 6 parts by volume of benzene and passed through a column (500 parts by volume capacity) packed with Floridil (100 to 200 meshes). Elution was carried out using benzene and the eluate was collected in 10 parts by volume fractions. Each fraction was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and color reaction and the fractions rich in ubiquinone-10 were pooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. By this procedure was obtained 0.562 part of a yellow oil. This product was dissolved in 5 parts by volume of chloroform, coated onto a thin layer plate of silica gel GF254 (silica gel with calcium sulfate) and developed with benzene. The fractions corresponding to ubiquinone-10 were extracted, whereby 0.054 part of a yellow oil was obtained. This oil was dissolved in 10 parts by volume of ethanol and allowed to cool, whereupon 0.029 part of yellow crystals of ubiquinone-10 were obtained, its melting point 4B°to 50°C. 

Limestone is the cheapest basic product (0.20/lb in 1968 0.40/kg). However, it can become coated with calcium sulfate, which can almost stop neutralization from occurring. Some kind of scouring may be necessary to prevent this. Lime may be used, but it also can become coated and rendered ineffective. Soda ash and caustic soda are other alternatives, but they cost 8 to 10 times as much as limestone.35 Sometimes limestone or lime is used to raise the pH to between 4.0 and 5.0, and the more expensive but more easily controllable soda ash or caustic soda is used to obtain the desired final pH. The only equipment needed is storage tanks for the acids and bases and mixing tanks, equipped with the proper controls. 

X-ray Diffraction Analysis. The inorganic components of paper are the most suitable ones for quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis. Most of these compounds are minerals and are present as fillers, coatings and pigments (often whiteners) which are added to improve the properties of the paper. Examples of compounds commonly added to paper are alumina, aluminum silicate, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium sul-foaluminate, iron oxide, magnesium silicate, silica, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and zinc sulfide (28). Some of these, e.g., calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide, may be present in any of... 

Multivalent ions in starch dispersions, particularly those of aluminum, calcium, sulfate and oxalate, will induce retrogradation due to complexation or competition for water of hydration. The ions can be introduced by hard process water or accumulate by leaching from paper during surface sizing or coating. The destabilizing effect of ions follows the Schulze-Hardy rule. 

A veiy efficient form of chromatography makes use of a circular glass plate (rotor) coated with an adsorbent (silica, alumina or cellulose). As binding to a rotor is needed, the sorbents used may be of a special quality and/or binders are added to the sorbent mixtures. For example when silica gel is required as the absorbent, silica gel 60 PF-254 with calcium sulfate (Merck catalog 7749) is used. The thickness of the absorbent (1, 2 or 4 mm) can vary depending on the amount of material to be separated. The apparatus used is called a Chromatotron (available from Harrison Research, USA). The glass plate is rotated by a motor, and the sample followed by the eluting solvent is allowed to drip onto a central position on the plate. As the plate rotates the solvent elutes the mixture. 

Because calcium sulfate is less soluble in hot water than in cold water, it coats tubes in boilers, reducing thermal efficiency. 

Cui X et al (2008) Effects of chitosan-coated pressed calcium sulfate pellet combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 on restoration of segmental bone defect. J Craniofac Surg 19(2) 459 65... 

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