Calcium Green-2, intracellular

Fluorescent indicators for ions are based on corresponding chelators. The indicators usually mimic the structure of ethyleneglycol- / 5(P-aminoethylether)-A, A/,/V, /V -tetraacetic acid (EGTA), which also contains an adjacent fluorophore moiety affected by the binding. The most popular intracellular Ca " indicator, Fura-2, displays a shift in excitation maximum between 300-400 nm when monitoring emission at 510 nm, thus allowing ratiometric measurements. Calcium Green displays an increase in emission at 530 nm on addition of calcium but displays no spectral shift. Other fluorescent calcium indicators with different affinities and spectral characteristics are available that allow for the measurement of from nano- to submillimolar concentrations. 

Since one of the major functions of IP3 is to release Ca from intracellular stores, the issue of whether chemoattractant binding to its receptor increased intracellular calcium was addressed (Cinelli et al., 2002). A calcium sensitive dye. Calcium green 1, was injected into the accessory olfactory bulb of snakes. The animals survived 4-6 days to permit retrograde transport of the dye to the cell bodies of receptor cells in VN sensory epithelium. Thus, in VN sensory epithelial slices ( 240 pm thick) only mature VN neurons were stained with the calcium-sensitive dye and this population gave rise to the Ca increases in response to ESS, bradykinin (a stimulator of phosphoinositide turnover) and forskolin (an adenylate cyclase activator). 

Rajdev, S. Reynolds, I. J. Calcium green-5N, a novel fluore-scent probe for monitoring high intracellular free calcium concentrations associated with glutamate... 

Tojyo, Y Tanimura, A. Matsumoto, Y. Monitoring of Ca release from intracellular stores in permeabilized rat parotid acinar cells using the fluorescent indicators Mag-Fura-2 and Calcium Green Cl8. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Common. 1997, 240, 189-195. 

Gubitz AK, Widdowson L, Kurokawa M et al (1996) Dual signalling by the adenosine A2a receptor involves activation of both N- and P-type calcium channels by different G proteins and protein kinases in the same striatal nerve terminals. J Neurochem 67 374-81 Haas HL, Greene RW (1988) Endogenous adenosine inhibits hippocampal CA1 neurones further evidence from extra- and intracellular recording. Naunyn Schmiedeberg s Arch Pharmacol 1988 337 561-5... 

Figure 22 Polymers synthesized by ROMP can bind simultaneously to the BCR and the inhibitory coreceptor CD22 and attenuate cell activation, (a) The ability of polymers 1-3 to bind to the BCR and activate signaling (calcium flux, right). DNP homopolymers (1) activate signaling, but copolymers (3) that bind both the BCR and CD22 inhibit B-cell activation, (b) Schematic depiction of the recognition processes that lead to activation (green) or inhibition (red) of B-cell signaling. The activation process involves upregulation of intracellular Ca "" and tyrosine phosphorylation (as represented by the upward arrow).

---