Calcium bromides hydrate

Hypobromites, the salts of hypobromous acid, do not keep well because they gradually disproportionate to bromide and bromate. Solutions are best prepared as needed from bromine and alkafl with cooling. Because disproportionation is catalyzed by cobalt, nickel, and copper (70), these impurities should be avoided. SoHd alkaline earth hypobromites, or more properly, bromide hypobromites such as calcium bromide hypobromite [67530-61 CaBr(OBr), have been known for many years, but the pure crystalline hydrates sodium hypobromite pentahydrate [13824-96-9] NaOBr 5H20, and potassium hypobromite tribydrate [13824-97-0], KOBr 3H20, were not described until 1952 (71). Hypobromites are strong bleaching agents, similar to hypochlorites. 

Lithium Chloride. Of the metal haUdes, calcium bromide [7789-41-5] CaBr2, ziac chloride [7646-85-7] ZnCl2, CaCl2, and lithium chloride [7447-41-8] LiCl, (Class 1, nonregenerative) are the most effective for water removal (4). AH are available ia the form of dehquescent crystals. The hydrates of LiCl are LiCl-nH2 O, where n = 1, 2, or 3. Lithium chloride solutions are more stable ia air and less corrosive than the other metal haUdes. The high solubihty of lithium carbonate [554-13-2] Li2C02, usually eliminates scale formation problems (see LiTHlUM COMPOUNDS). 

Brom-benzol, n. bromobenzene. calcium, n. calcium bromide, -cyan, n. cyanogen bromide, bromocyanogen. -dampf, tn. bromine vapor, -eisen, n. iron bromide, -fiasche, /. bromine bottle, -fluor, n. bromine fluoride, -gehalt, tn. bromine content, -gold, n. gold bromide, -goldkalium, n. potassium auri-bromide, potassium bromoaurate. bromhaltig, a. contaim ng bromine, Brom-hydrat, n. hydrobromide bromine hydrate. -hydrin, n. bromohydrin. 

Figure 9 Environment of the calcium ion in the hydrated galactose-calcium bromide complex...

Calcium bromide Citric acid Ferric oxide Hydrated lime Manganic oxide Natural fatty acids Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium sulphate Phosphate esters Silicates (inorganic)... 

Calcium bromide CaBr slightly acid (0.18) 2 X 10 [ hydratation ... 

H26O13, a,a-Trehalose dihydrate, 38B, 441 2H29BrCaOi6f Calcium lactobionate bromide hydrate, 39B, 311 2H3oCaCl20i 5, Bis-(/3-D-f ructopyranose) calcium chloride trihydrate, 40B, 657... 

Although X-ray and neutron diffraction and scattering methods give only approximate estimates of hydration numbers they can provide precise measures of ion-water distances in solution. In calcium chloride and bromide solutions of various concentrations, Ca-0 distances of between 2.40 and 2.44 A have been reported (167,168,171,172) Ca-0 — 2.26A was claimed in an early X-ray investigation of molar calcium nitrate solution (167,186). EXAFS and LAXS studies showed a broad and asymmetric distribution of Ca-0 distances centered on a mean value of 2.46 A (174). 

Glattfeld and Hanke applied this procedure to the oxidation of maltose hydrate. An aqueous solution of the sugar was shaken with lead carbonate and bromine since lead bromide separated from the reaction mixture, only aeration was necessary to remove the excess bromine, and treatment with silver oxide and hydrogen sulfide removed the last bromide, silver and lead ions. The maltobionic acid was isolated as the calcium salt. Here the neutralization of the hydrobromic acid was beneficial in preventing any hydrolysis of the aldobionic acid. 

Chlorine is applied as chlorine gas, powdered calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), or liquid sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl bleach). Chlorine reacts with the organic (natural organic matter, NOM) or inorganic (bromide ion, Br ) precursors in the water to form chlorine disinfection by-products (CBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones, chloral hydrate, and chloropicrin. Humic and fulvic acids are the predominant NOMs. When bromine exists, the chlorine oxidizes it to hypobromous acid/ hypobromite ion (HOBr/OBr ) to form bromo THMs (bromodichloromethane, BDCM, and di-bromochloromethane, DBCM), HAAs, and HANs. 

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