CAGE questions

Alcoholism is ubiquitous and often occult. All physicians are instructed to screen for SUDs, and this is also an essential component of every mental health assessment. There are many tools to accomplish this, and one of the simplest was advocated by the American Medical Association (AMA). The AMA has suggested the CAGE questions about alcohol use as a routine screening test for every adult and adolescent. The CAGE questionnaire consists of the following four questions ... 

The internal structure of a liquid at a temperature near its freezing point has been discussed in Sec. 24. Each molecule vibrates in a little cage or cell, whose boundaries are provided by the adjacent molecules, as in Fig. 20, and likewise for each solute particle in solution in a solvent near its freezing point. It is clear that the question of the hydration of ions no longer arises in its original form. In aqueous solution an atomic ion will never be in contact with less than three or four water molecules, which in turn will be in contact with other water molecules, and so on. There is an electrostatic attraction, not only between the ion and the molecular dipoles in immediate contact with it, but also between the ion and molecular dipoles that are not in contact with it. For solvent dipoles that are in contact with a small doubly charged ion, such as Ca++,... 

We want to focus on two questions what is the general principle for the formation of these cages and — closely related to this — how can the nature of the bonding be characterized In contrast to isocyanides... 

A particularly interesting question which remains unanswered is whether dinuclear photoproducts are produced directly from the photoexcited parent molecule or whether they are formed by reaction of free radicals within the solvent cage. In principle this question can be answered by making time-resolved IR measurements on the molecules in the gas phase, where no solvent cage can interfere. Thus, it may transpire that a full understanding of the photolysis of these dinuclear compounds will require complementary experiments in solution and in the gas phase. 

Several books and general reviews are already available on phosphorus ring and cage systems (16). This one will focus more specifically on the coordination chemistry of molecular tetraphos-phorus-based doso-compounds, including itself and closely related analogs, and will also include structural data on both free and coordinated species. The questions of the transmission of electronic and structural effects through the molecular frame, and of the extent oftt-bonding, will be critically considered. 

Compared to small two-dimensional molecules, for example the planar benzene, the structures of these three-dimensional systems are aesthetically appealing. The beauty and the unprecedented spherical architecture of these molecular cages immediately attracted the attention of many scientists. Indeed, Buckminsterfullerene CgQ rapidly became one of the most intensively investigated molecules. For synthetic chemists the challenge arose to synthesize exohedrally modified derivatives, in which the properties of fullerenes can be combined with those of other classes of materials. The following initial questions concerned the derivatiza-tion of fullerenes What kind of reactivity do the fullerenes have Do they behave like a three-dimensional superbenzene What are the structures of exohedral fullerene derivatives and how stable are they ... 

If each cage region contained a single grain of sand, what size lattice would you need to hold the number of sand grains contained on the Coney Island beach, which has been estimated to be 10 grains If you were to draw this lattice, how big a piece of paper would you need Also provide answers to this question for a hyperlattice in the fourth dimension. 

Later reports (58) have questioned whether the earlier report (55) was correct in concluding that the planar cobalt(II) complex of salen was formed in zeolite Y. The characteristics of the supposedly zeolite-entrapped [Con(salen)] are apparently not as similar to the same species in solution as previously reported. For example, planar [Con(salen)] and its adducts with axially disposed bases are generally ESR-detect-able low-spin complexes (59), and cyclic voltammetry of the entrapped complex revealed a Co3+/Co2+ redox transition that is absent in solution (60). These data, and more recent work (58), indicate that, in the zeolite Y environment, [Con(salen)] is probably not a planar system. Further, the role of pyridine in the observed reactivity with dioxygen is unclear, since, once the pyridine ligand is bound to the cobalt center, it is doubtful that the complex could actually even fit in the zeolite Y cage. The lack of planarity may account for the differences in properties between [Con(salen)] entrapped in zeolite Y and its properties in solution. 

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