Cadmium in the Environment

Many activities are going on in order to find substitutes for cadmium. When this endeavor has been completely successful and there is no need for cadmium, still 15 000-20000 tonnes will be produced annually in connection with zinc manufacturing. Will this quantity be cast into concrete for terminal storage like burnt-out nuclear fuel Or will the large difference in toxicity between soluble cadmium compounds and cadmium materials with low solubility, and because of that less toxicity, justify a certain cadmium utilization even in the future  

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To reduce or eliminate the scattering of cadmium in the environment, the disposal of nickel —cadmium batteries is under study. Already a large share of industrial batteries are being reclaimed for the value of their materials. Voluntary battery collection and reclaiming efforts are under way in both Europe and Japan. However the collection of small batteries is not without difficulties. Consideration is being given to deposit approaches to motivate battery returns for collection and reclamation. 

Bewers J.M., Barry P.J., MacGregor D.J. Distribution and Cycling of Cadmium in the Environment. In Cadmium in the Aquatic Environment, J.O. Nriagu, J.B. Sprague, eds. New York John Wiley Sons, 1987. 

Adapted from Nriagu, J.O. (ed.) 1980. Cadmium in the Environment. Parti Ecological Cycling. John Wiley, NY. 682 pp. 

Hutton, M. 1983b. Sources of cadmium in the environment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 7 9-24. 

Hill, R.J. (1996). Risks to humans - an overview, in Sources of Cadmium in the Environment. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris, pp. 84-94. 

To reduce or eliminate the scattering of cadmium in the environment, the disposal of nickel-cadmium batteries is under study. Already a large share of industrial batteries are being reclaimed for die value of iheir materials. 

Pongratz, R. and Heumann, K., Determination of monomethyl cadmium in the environment by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, Anal. Chem., 68, 1262-1266, 1996. 

H. Mislin and O. Ravera, Cadmium in the Environment , Birkhauser, Basel, 1986. 

Nriagu J. O. (1980a) Global cadmium cycle. In Cadmium in the Environment, Part I Ecological Cycling (ed. J. O. Nriagu). Wiley, New York, pp. 1-12. 

Nogawa K. itai-itai disease and follow-up studies, in Nriagu JO (editor). Cadmium in the environment. Part ii Fiealth effects. John Wiley Sons, New York 1981 p. 1-37. 

Eriberg E, Piscator M, Nordberg GE (editors). Cadmium in the environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Elorida 1971. 

There is growing concern about the dangers of cadmium in the environment. Some rechargeable batteries are made with cadmium and nickel. Cadmium can escape from landfills (where trash is buried) and get into the ground and groundwater. From there, it can become part of the food and water that humans and other animals ingest. 

Friberg L, Procator M, Norberg GF, Kjellstrom T (editors). Cadmium in the environment. CRC Press, Cleveland 1974. Simonsen 0, Grubb A. Thysell H. The blood serum concentration of cystatin C (g-trace) as a measure of the glomerular filtration rate. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1985 45 97-101. 

Chandler 1995, Cadmium in Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems, Sources of Cadmium in the Environment, Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (lOMC), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France. 

Van Assche and Ciarletta 1992, Cadmium in the Environment Levels, Trends and Critical Pathways, Edited Proceedings Seventh International Cadmium Conference -New Orleans, Cadmium Association (London), Cadmium Council (Reston VA) and International Lead Zinc Research Organization (Research Triangle Park NC). 

Proceedings of the OECD Workshop on the Sources of Cadmium in the Environment, Saltsjobaden, Sweden 16-20 October, 1995, p. 393-398. 

Mart L and Nurnberg HW (1986) The distribution of cadmium in the sea. In Mislin H, Ravera O, eds.. Cadmium in the Environment, pp. 28 -40. Birkhauser, Basel-Boston-Stuttgart. 

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