C Instrumentation

Figure 13.10. Batch distillation McCabe-Thiele constructions and control modes, (a) Construction for constant overhead composition with continuously adjusted reflux rate, (b) Construction at constant reflux at a series of overhead compositions with an objective of specified average overhead composition, (c) Instrumentation for constant vaporization rate and constant overhead composition. For constant reflux rate, the temperature or composition controller is replaced by a flow controller.

Carbon Dioxide Transport. Measuring the permeation of carbon dioxide occurs far less often than measuring the permeation of oxygen or water. A variety of methods arc used however, the simplest method uses the l crmatran-C instrument (Modern Controls. Inc.). 

IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer 577 instrument 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian XL 200 instrument. GC analysis were performed on a Hewlett-Packard 5880 instrument, FI detector, equipped with a Methyl Silicone fluid capillary column (35 m), by using n-esadecane as internal standard. GC-MS analysis were performed using a Hewlett-Packard 5995 C instrument. 

Ionization Voltage 70eV Source Temperature 200°C Direct Sample Inlet Temperature. 300°C Instrument HltachiPerkln Elmer RMU 6E... 

Fig. 3. Mass spectrum of ketotifen hydrogen fumarate. The electron energy was 70 eV and the temperature of the ion source was 250 C. Instrument mass spectrometer CEC-21-110 B.

Specification Instrument A Instrument B Instrument C Instrument D Instrument E Instrument F Instrument G... 

Analysis of Fractions. Surface areas and pore size distributions for both coked and regenerated catalyst fractions were determined by low temperature (Digisorb) N2 adsorption isotherms. Relative zeolite (micropore volume) and matrix (external surface area) contributions to the BET surface area were determined by t-plot analyses (3). Carbon and hydrogen on catalyst were determined using a Perkin Elmer 240 C instrument. Unit cell size and crystallinity for the molecular zeolite component were determined for coked and for regenerated catalyst fractions by x-ray diffraction. Elemental compositions for Ni, Fe, and V on each fraction were determined by ICP. Regeneration of coked catalyst fractions was accomplished in an air muffle furnace heated to 538°C at 2.8°C/min and held at that temperature for 6 hr. 

Salter, D.C. Instrumental methods for assessing skin moisturization. Cosmet. Toiletries 1987 102 103-109. 

Buckley, P. S., Luyben, W. L., and Shunta, J.P. Design of Distillation Column Control Systems, Research Triangle Park. N.C. Instrument Society of America (.19851. 

Carachteristographers are d.c. instruments made up by a current (voltage) power supply and a voltage (current) meter. They give a two quadrant V-I relation for the resistive device. The information supplied by such instruments is more exhaustive than that supplied by a.c. bridges, but the measurement is time consuming, and an inversion of polarity is necessary to detect the possible presence of partially rectifying contacts. In Fig. 9.8, an example of a V-I relation in the first quadrant for a Ge-NTD 12 resistor (see Section 15.2.1.1) is shown. Note that the power used in the measurements can be as low as 10-14W. 

---