By membrane permeation

Fukushi and Hiiro et al. [24] described a method for determining total carbon dioxide in seawater by capillary isotachoelectrophoresis following isolation of the carbon dioxide by membrane permeation. 

Continuous Multicomponent Distillation Column 501 Gas Separation by Membrane Permeation 475 Transport of Heavy Metals in Water and Sediment 565 Residence Time Distribution Studies 381 Nitrification in a Fluidised Bed Reactor 547 Conversion of Nitrobenzene to Aniline 329 Non-Ideal Stirred-Tank Reactor 374 Oscillating Tank Reactor Behaviour 290 Oxidation Reaction in an Aerated Tank 250 Classic Streeter-Phelps Oxygen Sag Curves 569 Auto-Refrigerated Reactor 295 Batch Reactor of Luyben 253 Reversible Reaction with Temperature Effects 305 Reversible Reaction with Variable Heat Capacities 299 Reaction with Integrated Extraction of Inhibitory Product 280... 

Reuning, R. FI. and Levy, G. 1968. Characterization of complex formation between small molecules by membrane permeation measuremeuhtSharm. Sci57 1556-1561. 

Fundamental aspects of chemical membrane reactors (MRs) were introduced and discussed focusing on the peculiarity of MRs. Removal by membrane permeation is the novel term in the mass balance of these reactors. The permeation through the membrane is responsible for the improved performance of an MR in fact, higher (net) reaction rates, residence times, and hence improved conversions and selectivity versus the desired product are realized in these advanced systems. The permeation depends on the membranes and the related separation mechanism thus, some transport mechanisms were recalled in their principal aspects and no deep analysis of these mechanisms was proposed. 

Zakrzewska-Trznadel, G. and Harasimowicz, M., Removal of radionuclides by membrane permeation combined with complexation. Desalination, 144, 207, 2002. 

The depletion by membrane permeation of C02 in blood introduces cause for concern. This affects the evaluation of PBot and also shifts the position of the 02 dissociation curve. The correction for this effect requires the continuous evaluation of the acid—base status of the blood sample. Using an initial reference point obtained from a separate pH measurement and Pco2> the variation in pH during the withdrawal process can be determined with incremental measurements of PBc02 ( ) ... 

The reaction results indicated that the direct hydroxylation of benzene required both hydrogen and oxygen coreactants. As already pointed out, the Pd membrane can catalyze the conversion of benzene to phenol as reported by Niwa et al., and the reaction was sensitive to the H2/O2 molar feed ratio, and its optimum was governed by membrane permeation rate, reactant composition, and reaction conditions. Nevertheless, benzene conversion and phenol yield remained low. 

Cl/cco = 10, pH 7, and T = 20°C. (Reprinted from Desalination, 144, Zakrzewska-Trznadel, G. and Harasimowicz, M., Removal of radionuclides by membrane permeation combined with com-plexation, 207-212, Copyright 2002, with permission from Elsevier.)... 

Lastly, Chapter 8 examines the matter of membrane reactors, which pertains to chemically reacting systems, either homogeneous or heterogeneous (catalyzed). The selective removal of one or another of the reaction products by membrane permeation shifts the reaction conversion equilibrium to the right. ... 

Shoemaker, J.A. Bellart, T.A. Eichelberguer, J.W. and Budde, W.L. Determination of polar volatile organic compounds in water by membrane permeate and trap GC-MS. Journal of Chromatographic Science 1993, 31 (7), 279-284. 

First we will illustrate the minimum energy required to separate a small amount of mixture for the following processes evaporation of water from a saline solution recovery of water by reverse osmosis separation of an ideal binary gas mixture by membrane permeation. Then we will consider the definition of net work consumption for thermally driven processes. Next we will consider a variety of separation processes vis-k-vis their minimum energy requirement for separation. 

Gas purification and separation by membrane permeation has many advantages, including... 

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