By Automated Methods

High-Resolution, Accurate Mass Measurement Elemental Compositions 

The separation (AM) of two peaks representing masses (M Mj) can be defined as having a 5, 10, or 50% valley — the depth of the valley is 5, 10, or 50% of peak height. The 5% definition is a more severe test of instrument performance. 

Part of a high-resolution mass spectrum showing two peaks (S S ) due to ions of mass (M M ) from a standard substance and one peak (U) due to an ion of unknown mass (M ) from a sample substance. The difference between M, and Mj is accurately known, and therefore the mass, M , can be obtained by interpolation (the separation of M from M, or Mj). If the separation of M, Mj is a time (T) and that of M M is time (t), then for a linear mass scale M = ft (Mj, M,)/T] -t- M,. 

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ChSS was fractionated on a column (550 x 15 mm) of DEAE Sepharo e Fast Flow using a Hiload System (Pharmacia), which was initially equilibrated in 0.005 M NaAc-bufFer pH 5.0. The sample was dissolved in water, the insoluble residue was removed by centrifugation and the supernatant was applied onto the column. After applying the gradient shown in Figure 1, the residual polysaccharides were washed from the column using 0.5 M NaOH. Fractions (23 ml) were collected and assayed by automated methods [2,3] for total neutral sugars and uronic acids. 

The transfer of materials to and from the fluid-bed processor is an important consideration. The loading and unloading of the processing bowl can be accomplished by manual mode or by automated methods. 

Langgard, M., Bjornholm, B., Gunder-tofte, K. Pharmacophore modeling by automated methods possibilities and limitations. In Pharmacophore Perception, Development and Use in Drug Design, Gu-ner, O.F. (ed.), IUL Biotechnology Series, International University Line, La Jolla, CA, 2000, pp. 239-251. 

E673 Rosenthal, P., Keefe, M.T., Henton, D., Cheng, M, Lee, C.R., Hall, R.L. and Newton, M.K. (1990). Total and direct-reacting bilirubin values by automated methods compared with liquid chromatography and with manual methods for determining delta bilirubin. Clin. Chem. 36, 788-791. 

One of the earliest methods for determining total CO2 was the manometric method for total CO2 content, using the Natelson microgasometer. This has been supplanted in clinical laboratories by automated methods. This method is described in some detail in an earlier edition of this text. ... 

The great versatility to synthesize DNAs of desired sequence by automated methods and to amplify any sequence from microscopic to macroscopic quantities by means of PCR. 

As the systems considered grow more complex, the number of intersection and maximum points and the number o sequences of such points will grow rapidly polynomially for the former, combinatorially for the latter. This increasing complexity can to some extent be matched by automated methods. Ultimately, we expect unifying properties to emerge. Indeed, we believe that the analysis of intersections and coincidences presents a source of vast information on new families of patterns for distinguishing mechanisms and parametric domains, and might even find applications outside the domain of chemical kinetics. 

The phosphorylated 2-deoxy-D-eo r TO-pentofuranose derivative (58) has been prepared in three steps from the fi-ee sugar for use as a building block in the construction, by automated methods, of oligodeoxynucleotides with apurinic and/or apyrimidinic sites. Facile syntheses of adenosine 3, 5 -cyclic methylphosphonate (59) and... 

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