1-butylpyridinium

Early in their work on molten salt electrolytes for thermal batteries, the Air Force Academy researchers surveyed the aluminium electroplating literature for electrolyte baths that might be suitable for a battery with an aluminium metal anode and chlorine cathode. They found a 1948 patent describing ionically conductive mixtures of AICI3 and 1-ethylpyridinium halides, mainly bromides [6]. Subsequently, the salt 1-butylpyridinium chloride/AlCl3 (another complicated pseudo-binary)... 

Esterification reactions can be catalyzed by the ionic liquid 1-butylpyridinium chloride-aluminium chloride ([BP]C1/A1C13 (X(A1C13) = 0.33) [34, 35]. Deng and coworkers found that higher yields were obtained than in similar reactions with a sulfuric acid catalyst. 

Beckmann rearrangements of several ketoximes were performed in room-temperature ionic liquids based on l,3-dialkylimida2olium or alkylpyridinium salts containing phosphorus compounds (such as PCI5) by Deng and Peng [59] (Scheme 5.1-31, BP = 1-butylpyridinium). Turnover numbers of up to 6.6 were observed, but the authors did not mention whether the ionic liquid could be reused. 

Gale, R. J., Gilbert, B., and Osteryoung, R. A., Raman spectra of molten aluminum chloride 1-butylpyridinium chloride systems at ambient temperatures, Inorg. Ghem., 17, 2728-2729,1978. 

One type of room-temperature ionic liquid is the mixture of A1C13 and a quaternary ammonium chloride (R+C1 ) like l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMI+C1 ) and 1-butylpyridinium chloride (BP+Ch) [28]. At 1 1 molar ratio of A1C13 and R+C1 , A1C13 exists as AICI4 but the AICI4 ions slightly dissociate into AI2CI7 and Cl-. 

The preparation of 1-butylpyridinium chloride and melts have been described in earlier publications, e.g (3j. 

Ionic liquids and room-temperature ionic liquids were also used as the media to synthesize dihydro-1,5-benzodiazepines [38, 39]. Du et al. [39] described two new acidic ionic liquids based on 1-butylpyridinium hydrogen sulfate and 1-butylisoquinolinium hydrogen sulfate as efficient catalysts to promote the formation of 1,5-benzodiazepines. The reactions were carried out in ethyl acetate at 80°C under an inert atmosphere. 

A review of solvent properties of, and organic reactivity in, ionic liquids demonstrates the relatively small number of quantitative studies of electrophilic aromatic substitution in these media.3 Studies mentioned in the review indicate conventional polar mechanisms. 1-Methylpyrrole reacts with acyl chlorides in the ionic liquid 1-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate to form the corresponding 2-acylpyrrole in the presence of a catalytic amount of ytterbium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate.4 The ionic liquid-catalyst system is recyclable. Chloroindate(III) ionic liquids5 are catalytic media for the acylation, using acid chlorides and anhydrides, of naphthalene, benzene, and various substituted benzenes at 80-120 °C. Again the ionic liquid is recyclable. 

Ionic liquids (ILs), previously known as molten salts, were mainly used in electrochemistry studies due to their ionic nature. The most important step in the chemistry of the ILs occurred when Osteryoung described a mixture of 1-(1-butylpyridinium)-chloride and aluminium chloride which was liquid at room temperature30. Later on, Wilkes discovered other ionic liquids based on dialkylimidazolium salts that featured even more convenient physical and electrochemical properties than the butylpyridinium salts3i. 

To reveal ionic transport behavior through self-diffusion studies [22], we choose four different ionic liquids l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoro-borate (EMIBF4), l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium l ii(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMITFSI), 1-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BPBF4), 1-butylpyridinium, and Z7w(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BPTFSI) (Scheme 5.1). The ionic liquids are comprised of two different cations and anions, and they allow us to visualize the dependence of ionic transport behavior on structural variety from the comparative self-diffusion behavior. 

Redox reactions are subject to examination in solvent systems such as 1-butylpyridinium chloride with AICI3, which melts at 308 K (correspondingly, 1-3-dialklyimidazolonium chloride). These molecules are... 

Dipole-dipole forces are generally stronger than London dispersion forces. However, both of these forces between molecules are usually much weaker than ionic forces in crystals. There are exceptions. One major factor is the size of the atoms, ions, or molecules. The larger the particles are, the farther apart they are and the smaller the effects of the attraction are. If an ionic substance has very large ions—especially if the ions are not symmetrical—the ionic substance s melting point can be very low. A few ionic compounds are even liquid at room temperature, such as 1-butylpyridinium nitrate, shown in Figure 15. 

The room-temperature chloroaluminate(lll) ionic liquids are the most important members of the first generation of ionic liquids, developed in the second half of the last century The room-temperature halogenoaluminate(III) ionic liquids are extremely sensitive to moisture and must be handled imder an inert atmosphere. Preparation of the halogcno-aluminate(III) ionic liquids is simple a quaternary ammonium (QUAT) halide, e.g. an imidazolium or pyridinium halide, is directly mixed with AICI3 in the ratio necessary to generate the composition required. Upon mixing, an exothermic reaction occurs and the two solids melt into a liquid. The first report on the formation of a room temperature liquid salt, based on the combination of 1-butylpyridinium with AICI3 in the relative molar proportions 1 2 (X =... 

Predict the sites at which deuterium would be found when 1-butylpyridinium iodide is reduced with NaBD4 in EtOH forming (mainly) l-butyl-l,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine. 

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