Butyl acetate water miscibility

Whilst some organic compounds can be investigated in aqueous solution, it is frequently necessary to add an organic solvent to improve the solubility suitable water-miscible solvents include ethanol, methanol, ethane-1,2-diol, dioxan, acetonitrile and acetic (ethanoic) acid. In some cases a purely organic solvent must be used and anhydrous materials such as acetic acid, formamide and diethylamine have been employed suitable supporting electrolytes in these solvents include lithium perchlorate and tetra-alkylammonium salts R4NX (R = ethyl or butyl X = iodide or perchlorate). 

The next step is to determine the solubility of the substrate (or its salts) in different solvents. This can also be performed by an automated liquid handling system. Depending upon the solubility of the substrate in water-miscible solvent (alcohols, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, etc.) and water-immiscible solvents (ethyl acetate, methyl-tert-butyl ether, heptane, etc.) the process chemist can identify one or many solvent systems from which the substrate (or its salts) could be ciystallized using the antisolvent addition strategy. 

While reaction solvents are not necessary for the process of this invention, suitable solvents may be employed if desired. If solvents are used it is necessary to select solvents which per se are not alkylated, i.e.,those which are inert to the alkylation effects of the dialkyl sulfate. Suitable such non-alkylatable solvents are diethyl ether, dioxane, acetone methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, tetrahydrofu-ran, and the like. When the desired compound is recovered by pouring the reaction mixture into water after the completion of the reaction, solvents such as dioxane, acetone and methyl ethyl ketone miscible with water are preferably used. For instance, acetone is preferred. Agitation causes the reaction to proceed rapidly. The reaction time can be varied over a wide range depending upon conditions such as reaction temperature and agitation. For example, the reaction time can vary from several tens of minutes to several days. When the reaction is completed, which... 

Evaporation rate 0.3 (n-butyl acetate = 1.0). nff 1,4195, Slightly miscible with water. Compatible with alcohols, ketones. ethers, many other organic solvents. 

Commonly used water-immiscible solvents in industrial-scale processes include alcohols (isobutanol, -butanol), ketones (particularly methyl isobutyl ketone), acetates (butyl, ethyl, isopropyl), hydrocarbons (toluene, hexanes), and methylene chloride. These solvents are inexpensive, readily available, and exhibit physical properties of low viscosity and density significantly different from water. Common water-miscible solvents are the alcohols (particularly methanol). For laboratory-scale processes, the selection is greater since selection is not constrained by economics. Craig and Sogn (16) have prepared an extensive compilation of such solvents. 

Solvents commonly used in normal phase chromatography are aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as hexane and heptane, halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., chloroform and dichloromethane), and oxygenated solvents such as diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate. More polar mobile phase additives such as isopropanol, acetone, and methanol are frequently used see Table 2). The technique is particularly suited to analytes that are very hydrophobic, e.g., fat-soluble vitamins such as tocopherols (6J and other hydrocarbon-rich metabolites that exhibit poor solubility in the water-miscible solvents employed in other separation modes. In addition, since the geometry of the polar adsorbent surface is fixed, the technique is useful for the separation of positional isomers the proximity of functional groups to the adsorbent surface, and hence the strength of interaction, may well differ between isomers. 

A further class of solvents intermediate between the water-miscible low-boiHng compounds and the immiscible materials are those which azeotrope with water and form two-phase distillates on condensing. Typical of these are the butyl alcohols, MEK and isopropyl acetate. Each on its own is appreciably soluble in water and the presence of an organic solvent in the water phase makes that phase more attractive to other solvents. In distilling by steam injection a typical mixture of solvents, such as are used as thin-ners and gun cleaners for nitrocellulose lacquers, it is not uncommon to lose 6% of the solvent, and about 10% of the active ingredients (alcohols, ketones, esters), into the effluent water. 

This colorless liquid has a mild and agreeable odor ond combines o low evoporotion rate with a strong solvent action. It is miscible In all proportions with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, methanol and water. It has a powerful solvent action on nitrocellulose and alkyd resins and an extremely high dilution ratio with coal-tar hydrocarbons. This solvent will tolerate 4.9 times its own volume of toluene before the mixture will ceose to dissolve nitrocellulose, while butyl acetate will tolerate only 2.9 times its volume. 

Lowering the water-activity of the medium [1565] by using water-miscible organic cosolvents such as ethanol or methanol. Alternatively, the reaction can be carried out in a biphasic aqueous-organic system or in a monophasic organic solvent (e.g., ethyl acetate, di-/-propyl, or methyl t-butyl ether) which contains only traces of water to preserve the enz3mie s activity. 

Two types of downstream processes are nsed for alkaloid extraction. In a two-stage process the mycelium is filtered off and the alkaloids are isolated from the mycelium only. The filtrate is usually processed in a waste-water-treatment plant. The extraction of alkaloids from the mycelium is a process similar to ergot extraction, water-miscible organic solvents being usually used for this operation. In a one stage-process (direct extraction) the whole fermentation broth is subjected to extraction with a water-immiscible solvent (ethyl acetate, butyl acetate). The two-stage process is less effective but it does not require a special centrifugal extractor which is used for the direct extraction. 

Neutral Solutes. In the reversed-phase mode, water is used as the weak solvent and acetonitrile, methanol, or THF (where applicable) is used as the strong solvent. (It is notable that the addition of acid or base to the mobile phase used for neutral molecules does not preclude separation, and, as such, the approach outlined later for ionizable components is equally viable.) In normal-phase HPLC, hexane is used as the weak solvent and isopropanol is used as the strong solvent. To change selectivity based on the strong solvent, isopropanol may be replaced (in part) with methylene chloride, methyl t-butyl ether, or ethyl acetate. However, note should be made of the relatively high UV cutoffs of these solvents when UV detection is to be used and precautions should be taken to ensure solvent miscibility across the range of the gradient. 

Butyl glycol acetate [112-07-2] (2-butoxyethyl acetate) is insoluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. It is a high boiler that is used to improve flow properties in stoving enamels. It has a good solvency for slightly polar resins and polymers, fats, and oils. 

Butyl diglycol [112-34-5] [2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether] is a clear, colorless, neutral liquid with a pleasantly mild odor. It is miscible with water and organic solvents, including aliphatic compounds. Butyl diglycol has a high solvency for cellulose nitrate, cellulose ethers, chlorinated rubber, poly(vinyl acetate), polyacrylates, and some oils, as well as for many synthetic resins, natural resins, and dyes. Polystyrene, poly(vinyl chloride), fats, and most oils are not dissolved. 

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