Butterfly flowers

In general, pollinators visit one or a limited number of species at one time. Such fidelity is guaranteed by the plant s morphology, odor, and color. Olfactory cues will be discussed later under terpenes (Chapter 19). Many plants are pollinated only by one vector and are characteristically known as bee flowers or butterfly flowers or hummingbird flowers. This mutual coadaptation has many benefits for both the plant and the animal. 

Plate 6b Schizanthus pinnatus (butterfly flower, mariposita) annual herb (to 0.5 m) Chile (cultivated as an ornamental) Sects. 3.1 / 3.4 / 7.6.1... 

Finally, we turn to an astonishingly complex arrangement among a flower, a butterfly, an ant, and a wasp that features both a parasite and a parasitoid. Without the merging of these four organisms lifestyles, neither the butterfly nor the wasp could live. As it is, the butterfly and the wasp in this case are rare species. Chemicals probably enter this elaborate four-way connection at several points, but very little is known for certain. 

Teeming with iife A flowering meadow is a rich habitat for wildlife many grasses are food plants for caterpillars, without which we would have no butterflies. 

More unusual in color, but just as popular with butterflies as the more traditional "butterfly bush," purple-flowered Buddleja davidii. 

Evergreen, mostly hardy shrubs, 24-40 in (60-100 em) tall. The flowers are very popular with butterflies and bees. Many forms, inoluding more tender prostrate, dwarf, and pink- and white-flowered varieties, are available. Needs a sunny, sheltered spot with light, free-draining soil. Trim in spring. Remove flower spikes after flowering. Plants may need to be replaeed every 3-5 years. 

Ordinary, everyday matter as we find it in trees and stones, flowers and streams, blood and tears, wine and butterflies, should indeed be qualified as precious, luminous and heavenly, for it is rare and photosensitive and has celestial origins. 

Buddleia formosana Hatushima B. madaguscariensis Hance B. officinalis Maxim. Bei Pu Jiang Mi Meng Hua (Butterfly bush) (flower bud) Buddleoglycoside.33-49-53 Improve visual acuity, prescribed as ophthalmic in nyctalopia, asthenopia, cataract. 

Honda, K, Omura, H. and Hayashi, N. (1998). Identification of floral volatiles from Ligustrum japonicum that stimulate flower visiting by cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24 2167-2180. 

Mathematical symmetry is a little more restrictive than is the meaning of the word in everyday usage. For example, some might say tliat flowers, diamonds, butterflies, snail shells, and paisley ties (Fig. 3.1) are all Itighly symmetrical because of (lie harmony and attractiveness of their forms and proportions, but the pattern of a paisley tie is not balanced in mathematical language, it lacks symmetry elements. A (lower, crystal, or molecule is said to liave symmetry if it has two or more orientations in space that are indistinguishable, and the criteria forjudging these are based on symmetry elements and symmetry operations. 

Fig. 3.1 The shapes and patterns of some pleasing designs found in nature or constructed as artifacts (a) the flower of the black-eyed Susan. RmJbetkia hirin, lb) the flower, stem, and leaves of the black-eyed Susan (c) a red eft, Notophtluilrrws vintlescens (d) a cut diamond (c) a paisley tie (f) a snail shell. Cepea ne/noralis (g) a monarch butterfly, Daniws plexippiix (h) a suspension bridge. Which are truly symmetrical ...

If you re making cupcakes, frost the cupcakes with fuchsia butter-cream in big swirls (page 234)- Place the cupcakes on a cake stand, decorate them with clusters of three small flowers, and pipe with dark centers. Place single small butterflies on some of the cupcakes. 

This lampshade holds a landscape of dried flowers and grass, and a real butterfly, all between two layers of plastic. 

Thus far, more than 1700 compounds from around 1000 plant species have been identified as floral volatiles.84 Twelve compounds in particular, namely, limonene, ( )-/ -ocimene, /3-myrcene, a-pinene, /3-pinene, linalool, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, /3-caryophyllene, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenylethanol, benzaldehyde, and methyl salicylate, have been found to occur in more than 50% of the plant families investigated, and these are regarded as the most common floral volatiles. Various insects use these ubiquitous volatiles for flower selection, for example, honeybee, butterfly, and moth commonly show preferential responses to linalool, benzaldehyde, and/or phenylacetaldehyde contained in the floral scents of various plants.85-87 These volatiles not only serve as important floral cues by themselves but also contribute to the floral scents unique to each plant species, which are distinguishable for flower visitors. On the other hand, it has recently been revealed that several plant species are pollinated exclusively by particular insect species, and that the floral scents play important roles in such pollination. 

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